Oral History Interview Example

Oral History Interview Example Mrs. Cooper: My mother and father came from two different areas of Alabama. My mother grew up on the Morrisette Plantation in Alabama. We know that my grandmother was a servant there in 1880. My grandmother had more privileges than other servants because she worked in the house rather than in the fields. And she never lived in the slave quarters. When the overseer left the plantation, she and her family were allowed to move into his house. Her father was owned by one Alexander Bryant from Kentucky, and he willed his slaves to his children. From his will, we found that my family that found its way to Alabama was worth $385. All of my great-grandfathers and great-grandmothers children were born in slavery. The curious thing is that even though their children were born in slavery, they werent married until 1867, after the Civil War. And researching the records, we found that there were a surge of marriages after the War, as if only then were they allowed to be married. Anyway, the Morrisette Plantation was where my grandmother met my grandfather. They were married in 1884 at a time when we were led to believe few blacks ever married. When I was growing up, I knew nothing about all this. Anything related to slavery, we didnt want to hear it. I dont think any blacks wanted to hear anything about slavery. My mother grew up on the Morrisette Plantation and came to Birmingham when she was 21 years old. My fathers people came from the area near Panola, Alabama. This may shock you, but the plantation owner had seven or eight children by two of his slave. One of those offspring, Lorenzo Dancy, was my fathers father. We assume my father was illegitimate since there are no records of any marriages there. Interviewer: How was town life near Birmingham different from rural life when you were young? Mrs. Cooper: My father seemed to think living near Birmingham was a great improvement over the country. He said he left the country because he hated to be told what to do and he could be more independent in the city. He always said that he would refuse to be treated like a boy. Ive been trying to understand my fathers rebelliousness. There were times when he would rebuke people who said certain things to him, because he thought everything had something to do with race. Nobody could ever tell him he couldnt have a thing or do a thing. He carried the Bessemer Housing Authority to court in 1954 to keep them from taking his property for a housing project. No black person had ever challenged the Authority. He didnt win, of course -he knew he wouldnt win. But my father would challenge anybody. Mother moved to the Birmingham area to get away from a bad personal situation. But lots of people moved off the land because of crop failures. The land was just worn out and the South was suffering from terrible droughts. People got deep into debt-debts that were kept on the books, even when they had actually been paid off. It was hard to challenge the records kept by the landowners. Through the twenties and thirties, many black people hoboed away from the South because they realized that on the farms the more you worked the more you owed. For myself, I was never taken to the country until I was quite a big girl. Interviewer: So, you would describe yourself as a small-town girl, growing up just outside Birmingham? Mrs. Cooper: Yes. Interviewer: What were the houses like? The living conditions like? Mrs. Cooper: They were all shotgun houses, mostly two-room places. No electricity, of course. Even after TVA [Tennessee Valley Authority] came to the Birmingham area, we had no electricity until my father, who could be very stubborn and hot-tempered, fought and fought until he managed to get electricity run to our house. The thing we hated most about not having electricity was that we couldnt use a radio. It wasnt until about 1940 that we got a radio. Interviewer: About how large was McCulleys Quarters? Mrs. Cooper: It was only about a one-block area, but it had everything we needed-a grocery store and a barber shop and a blacksmith shop. Interviewer: How did a typical little girl spend the day when you were about six years old? Mrs. Cooper: Oh, I led a sheltered life. Mother always kept me dressed in the dresses she made and I was kept close around the house. I visited neighbors and played house and read. I never wore slacks or jeans. And I never took part in the boys rough games. Boys picked berries in the summer and sold scrap iron. Interviewer: As a child, did you have contacts with white people? That is, did you have a sense of yourself as black and without certain opportunities? Mrs. Cooper: Except for the few white people who lived in the Quarters, as a child I didnt know many white people or have a sense of being discriminated against. My Friends were right there in the Quarters. There were very, very few children there, so I remember primarily being with the adults. It wasnt until after I started to school that I because aware at we couldnt go to certain parks, couldnt swim in certain places. During the thirties my mother had to begin taking in washing and ironing for white people, so I began to see the white people she worked for. Then later I came to realize other differences. For example, there were no hospitals for black people. The one or two hospitals that would take black people put them in the based of course the black doctor, who had been taking care of you not be allowed to practice-to attend you in the white Interviewer: Did your family have any contact with white people who were in an economic situation similar to yours-people whom we would call poor whites? Mrs. Cooper: My mother and I didnt, but my father did at his work. I remember him talking particularly about the woman who worked as a nurse at the factory who always abused any black workers she had to treat who were injured on the job. Many workers would just try to treat their own wounds rather than go to her to help them. Some would pull their own bad teeth for the same reason, rather than be badly treated by some white dentist. Interviewer: Were conditions rougher in the 1930s during the Depression, or was it more or less more of the same? Mrs. Cooper: We were always poor, but the Depression was definitely worse. People who had had jobs lost them or, like my father, were laid off for periods of time. And if you worked, the pay was often something like 3 or 4 dollars a week. What my mother always said that people used the old plantation skiffs to survive: growing gardens, canning, making absolutely everything and buying almost nothing. Interviewer: What was education like for African-Americans in Alabama at that time? Mrs. Cooper: My mother, growing up on what had been the Morrisette Plantation, was well educated. Churches maintained schools in the country, and children who showed promise as good students were sought out and sent to these schools, if their parents would pay. My mother was sent for a time to Snow Hill Institute. Her parents scraped and picked cotton so that she could attend, but she didnt finish. The last year the crops were too bad, and she couldnt go. Most, of course, were not educated. My father attended school through the third grade only. in my generation, most children I knew attended school, though many left at an early age to go to work. I believe that compulsory schooling to the age of 16 did not come about until about 1941. Interviewer: What occupations were open to African-Americans as you were growing up? Mrs. Cooper: For women, aside from domestic work and labor like laundering, the only professions or trades were nursing and teaching. Of course, you only nursed or taught black people. Many women worked as cooks in private homes or restaurants, as maids in private homes or businesses. There were no black sales clerks in stores. Men worked in the mines, in factories, as delivery boys, carpenters, and bricklayers. They could operate elevators, but they couldnt become firemen or policemen or salesmen. Some black men worked as tailors. Those who went into professions became doctors or dentists or principals or preachers within the black community. Interviewer: What were the legal barriers that African-Americans faced? Mrs. Cooper: Well, of course, we werent allowed to register to vote. Even though I was a schoolteacher for twenty years, I didnt register to vote until the late sixties. There were a few black attorneys who would take on cases, but at least in Birmingham in the thirties and forties, black attorneys couldnt practice in the courthouse. Their very presence in the courtroom was bitterly resented by many people. Interviewer: What was the feeling in the black community about Autherine Lucys attempt to enter the University of Alabama? Mrs. Cooper: They didnt know exactly what to think. But it was horrifying for us, terrifying. I thought I would have just given up. Everyone was very scared for her life. The older people were especially scared for her. They thought that the people would kill Autherine. There were other cases of black people trying to enter the state universities, in Tuscaloosa and Birmingham, at the time. Nobody thought they had much of a chance because every excuse in the world would be brought up. I knew one young woman who was told that she would be accepted, but when her mortgage company heard about it, they threatened to cancel her mortgage. They said if their white customers found out that their company was providing a mortgage for a black person who was trying to go to white schools, they would take their business elsewhere. So they couldnt afford to continue mortgaging her home if she kept trying to go to the university. Interviewer: What about the Montgomery Bus Boycott? Mrs. Cooper: We were always given the same treatment on buses throughout the South that Rosa Parks received. Most of us had to ride the buses. We bought our tickets at the front of the bus and then went around to the back door to get in. A sign marked where the white section ended and the black, section began. if the white section was filled and more white people got on, you were ordered out of your seats and the driver would move the sign back to make the white section bigger. It was a terrible humiliation as well as being terribly uncomfortable. We would be jammed together in the back like sardines. Even worse was when some of the whites would get off and some drivers would refuse to move the sign back up so that we could have more room and a few black people could sit down. Interviewer: Mrs. Cooper, despite the difficulties and humiliations you have lived with in the South, you dont seem to put all white people into the same category. Mrs. Cooper: No, you shouldnt put people into categories. Many of those bus drivers treated us badly. We disliked them and made fun of them behind their backs. But some of them were good men who were polite and considerate and would even hold the bus for us when they knew we were late. No, not all black people are the same and not all white people are the same.

Using Pneumatic And Hydraulic System Engineering Essay

Using Pneumatic And Hydraulic System Engineering Essay Automation is the integration of mechanical, computer electronic based activities the control of manufacturing processes in the field of production. Different techniques of automation are carried using pneumatic, hydraulic system, cam follower computer system. In this project of automation of burr cleaning process, I have selected and implemented the pneumatic technique of automation. For automation, I have designed manufactured air blowing machine, which is operated with the help of pneumatic system controlled by PLC. In this mechanism the DLL nozzle is run over the guide way clamp by pneumatic cylinder. Then the air pressure of 5 bars is supplied to the tip of nozzle through jet which cleans the burr form nozzle ball end. I assembled air blowing machine with pneumatic cylinders for clamping, unclamping, supporting individualizing purpose, proximity sensor other necessary components. In this automation of air blowing machine I studied different types of machining processes, pneumatic system, and PLC system. After automation of air blowing machine the working stress on operator is reduced the production rate is substantially increased with improvement in quality of burr cleaning process. Chapter 1 : Introduction This project identifies and describes the automation process used to clean and deburr the nozzle which is present in fuel injection system, through the working of Air blowing machine. Air blowing machine uses different concepts of automation such as pneumatic, hydraulics, cam-follower etc. The main function of this machine is to control manufacturing process in production. 1.1.Background Nozzle is one of the vital component in any fuel injection system which is attached to the nozzle holder. It is integral and important part of an injector which regulates the flow of fuel to the ultimate ignition compartment.. According to Sean Bennet all Diesel engines (DI) are directly injected. The fuel is injected into the cylinder immediately above the piston. Atomization is necessary for the injected fuel. Atomization of the fuel requires breaking it up into very small liquid droplets. These droplets are produced by forcing very high high-pressure fuel through minutely sized orifices or holes. The smaller the droplets, the faster it will vaporize and ignite when it is propelled into the engine cylinder. The size of droplets that exits the injector depends on following factors : Size of Orifice: The diameter of the orifice determines the size and flow of in the system. It does not change after it has been manufactured. Pressure :Injection pumps manages the pressure in nozzles. The higher the pressure, the smaller the droplets exiting the nozzle. The means to inject the fuel into the cylinder is an injector nozzle. Injector are further subdivided in two types with respect of an electronically controlled pump and injector components : Multiple-orifice hydraulics nozzles. Electrohydraulic nozzles. Injector nozzles are mostly used in diesel engines, marine engines, locomotives and automobile industrial equipments .The main function of nozzle is to convert the diesel into diesel vapours and spray it on the piston. Injector nozzles are widely used in American tanks. Figure 1.1 External view of injector/orifii nozzle (Courtesy of Robert Bosch GmbH,www.bosch-presse.de) The main users of nozzles are Nissan, Mitsubishi while Bosch is one of the leading manufacturers of these nozzles .Manufacturing process of this nozzle is carried through several operations after case hardening. These operations are drilling, grinding and pinning of the orifice. After the compete process of pinning, it is found that some metal particles and burr is remained at the orfii. In order to eliminate this particle nozzle testing machine is required to test the nozzle. 1.2 Issue : Air blowing operation is carried by an operator with the help of cylinder or jet directly attached to compressed air supply. To serve this purpose operator clamps the whole tray full of nozzles and then he reverse it. This gives more fatigue and stress to the operator because of its heavy weight. Then jet is placed on the ball end of nozzle and part gets clean. One part is been cleaned at a time. Furthermore, since inside of the nozzle body function as passage to the fuel ,if any chip or burr generated in cutting process remain on the nozzle body, it enters into the contact surface of the valve element and causes malfunction and fuel spillage of the valve element, which result into the loss of product reliability. The aim of the task is to make air blowing operation which is done after pinning to remove burr present inside the nozzle automatic and reliable, so the stress on operator is reduced with control manufacturing system. 1.3. Objectives : The main objectives of the project are stated as follows: To study and implement the pneumatic technique of automation for the successful working of the machine. To design and develop Air blowing machine which will be used in manufacturing and cleaning process of nozzle present in the fuel injection system. After the Research of Diesel Engine from Books and internet it is found that nozzle is one of the important part in fuel injection system. Nozzle development led to study the manufacturing processes of nozzle. Bosch company are the leading producers and patent of the diesel engine stated by Rudolf Diesel. In the general manufacturing process of nozzle after the case hardening, drilling, ball-grinding and pinning are important operation for the processing of the nozzle. However it is found out that during this operation burr or free metal particle gets collected inside the nozzle body. Introduction of Air blowing machine : To remove this burr or free metal particle Air blowing machine is introduced for the improved performance of the nozzle. Draft Design and 3d model: In order to build a successful Air blowing machine, design is very important to generate the safe and working model. Selection of materials, shape, parameters is the important factors to develop a 3D model of machine. Softwares like solid works, CES and some hand calculation is useful for the correct and accurate 3D draft design. Analysis and Results : After the complete design process of the machine the next and important stage is the mechatronic analysis. Pneuamatic and Electronics (PLC circuit ) techniques are used for the successful and automatic working of the machine. If these techniques are successful then go to the next stage or else go back and recheck the 3D model again. After the analysis, results indicates the final consequence for the actions of the work. Validation of results gives the reality check of the project. If the validation is true then follow the next stage and conclude the project with the useful recommendations. Chapter three : Literature Review 3.1 Patent and Research : Bosch group is one of the leading manufacturers of these nozzles and equipment for motor vehicle. In early as 1863, the Frenchman Etienne Lenoir had tested and driven a vehicle which was powered by a gas engine which he had developed. However, this vehicle proved insufficient for installing in and driving. It was not until Nikolaus August Ottos four-stroke engine with magneto ignition that operation with liquid fuel and thereby mobile application were made possible. But the efficiency of these engines was low. Rudolf Diesel then developed an engine with much higher efficiency and to pursue his idea through higher efficiency and to pursue his idea through manufacturing. In 1897, in cooperation with Machinenfabrik Augsburg-Nurnberg ,Rudol Diesel built the first working prototype of a combustion engine to be run on inexpensive fuel oil. However due to heavy weight of the engine, it wasw not considered for use in land vehicle. But with further improvements in fuel injecton and mixture formation, Diesels innovation caught on and there were no longer any viable alternatives for marine and fixed-installation engines.(Adopted from Robert Bosch Gmbh, DIESEL-Engine Management by Wiley 4t edition et al 2005) In 1886,Robert Bosch (1861-1942), introduced a workshop for electrical and mechanical engineers in Stuttgart, Germany. Later on in 1897 Bosch opened ignition system in gasoline engines. In 1922,Robert Bosch turned his attention to diesel engine and hence started manufacturing accessory parts such as nozzles and fuel injection pumps. Rudolf diesel wanted to inject the fuel directly earlier in the system, but was unable to do this because of unavailability of the nozzles and fuel-injection pumps. In contrary these pumps were used in compressed-air injection, had to be suitable for back pressure reactions of up to several different atmospheres. Nozzles had to have quite fine outlet openings because the task fell upon the pump and nozzle is increased to atomize the fuel. Hence in 1922 Bosch wanted to develop the nozzles and fuel-injection pumps that fulfils the requirement of all the heavy-oil low power engines with direct fuel injection. 3.2 Development of the system : The demand of fuel injection equipment on such that it should be a capable of injecting even small amounts of fuel with only quite small differences, so that it should facilitate more smoother and constant at low idle speeds. The performance of this system depends highly on injection pressure which should be average or above 100 bar. The operating hours of the pump was over 2000 according to Bosch. Hence the need to develop the related equipments had grown immensely with application of materials and production engineering. In 1925, Bosch joined hands with Acro AG to utilize the Acro patents on a diesel engine system with related injected equipments(nozzle). Acro injection properties did not matched, Boschs own test system but it offered diesel engine which was suitable for small cylinder units and high speeds and this led Bosch to develop nozzle and fuel injection pump. Sooner the first diesel fuel-injection pump by Bosch was produced Nozzle were developed parallel to pump development. Hole type nozzle were added later after the introduction of pintle nozzle. The nozzle were adapted with their process and size. Engineering manufacturers also wanted a nozzle which could be used in spark plug on a gasoline engine. 3.3 Expert View : 3.4 Scope of improvement: Diesel fuel injection has greater degree of features in world of technology. The needle valve in fuel injection system opens and close nozzle more than million times in the service life of nozzle. It generates and provides pressure as high as 2,050 bar and depends on stresses such as: Temperature and pressure of the combustion chamber . Shock caused by continuous opening and closing. High flow related stresses during fuel injection. Below are the features of the nozzle and its processes: Injection duration is 1-2 milliseconds which is higher compare to sound wave from loudspeaker . Pressure in the fuel-injection chamber is more than 2,050 bar and it operates efficiently at such a high pressure. Injection duration in vehicle varies from very low range to high range,hence the amount of fuel is forced at very high velocity through a very small opening. The clearance of valve needle is 0.002 mm which is very minimal. Hence high technology demands an enormous amount of expertise in development, materials and manufacturing techniques. 3.2 Current stage : Processes on nozzle : During the manufacturing process when part is about to go through final processses,case hardeniing is done on it. After case hardening, part goes through two operation as folllows : Drilling of the Orifice Ball Grinding at ball end from outer surface. When nozzle comes out for drilling, it is first hardened. Then the orifice is drilled at the ball end. According to the requirement the number of orifice varies from 3-8.The diameter of orifice is within 0.3-0.4 mm.DLL nozzles are further classified in many types with number of orifice. Fig1.2:Orifice drilled at ball end Then the part is brought to grinding station, where part goes through outer grinding at the ball end. Fig 1. Grinding at ball end after drilling A metal burr is remained at the entrance of the orifice due to the grinding. This metal burr reduces the performance of the nozzle. Hence it is necessary to remove this burr .To serve this burr, pinning operation is done on nozzle so that burr gets removed. Fig:1.4 Metal burr remain at ball end due to grinding Pinning :- Pinning is the operation in which a needle having comparatively smaller diameter than orifice is attached to the small motor having speed of 300 rpm.This needle is then inserted in the orifice.Due to this the burr is removed and gets collected inside the nozzle at the ball end. These free metal particles reduces the performance of nozzle or can damage the nozzle inside the body.Its not an easy task to remove this free metal particle.An air pressure of 5-10 bar is blown inside the nozzle from ball end to come out from other end of the nozzle as shown in below figure Fig 1.5 Air blowing through orifice to remove free metal particle Chapter 4 : Design Introduction of Air Blowing Machine Fig: Air Blowing Machine 4.1 Introduction of Air Blowing Machine It is the machine used to remove the free metal particles present inside the nozzle body. The main function of this machine is to remove this free metal. To remove this metal air is been blown inside the nozzle at 5bar pressure. Pneumatic circuit is attached to the machine and it is controlled by PLC. Hence it is based on mechatronics. Mechatronics is the branch of engineering which is defined as the combination of mechanical and electronics engineering to improve quality, productivity and effective utilization of energy. Pneumatics deals with usage of compressed air to create motion and hence can be utilised for doing useful work. Certain characteristics of compressed air have made this medium suitable for the use in modern manufacturing and production plants. Introduction of pneumatics in the manufacturing process benefited with cheaper medium of industrial automation which if judiciously used, may bring down the cost of production to much lower level. Many mechanical task that came across can be achieved pneumatically in nozzle manufacturing process. 4.2 Material Selection of Materials : Material should be softer than Nozzle material. The optimum material is Mild Steel according to CES software Properties of mild steel (C3O) : Carbon percentage = 0.3% Modulus of Elasticity= 2.06105 N/mm ² Modulus of Rigidity = 0.79105 N/mm ² Poissons Ratio = 0.3 Tensile Strength = 600 to 750 N/mm ² Yield Strength = 400 N/mm ² Izod Impact Value = 55Nm Density = 7.7810 4.3 Hand -Calculation for Design : Angle of Inclination for the Guide way : Fig : Forces on Nozzle Data Found : Mass of nozzle = 200gm Co-efficient of friction = 8 % Weight (w) = 0.20 9.81 = 1.962 N Let, R= Reaction force. ÃŽ ¨ = Angle of contact Addition of forces in horizontal direction is zero. Hence, ÃŽ £Fx = 0 R = w cos ÃŽ ¨Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 1 Addition of forces in vertical direction is also zero. Hence, ÃŽ £Fy = 0 ÃŽ ¼R = w sin ÃŽ ¨Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦2 Now by dividing equation 2 by 1 we get, ÃŽ ¼ = tan ÃŽ ¨ 0.08 = tan ÃŽ ¨ ÃŽ ¨ = 4.573ËÅ ¡ Therefore, ÃŽ ¨ = 5ËÅ ¡ To find reaction, From equation 1, R = w cos ÃŽ ¨ R = 1.962 cos (5) R = 1.9543 Factor of safety for design : Design of Cylinder holder : 1 Fig : Cylinder holder for cylinder Air pressure = 5 bar Force by the cylinder = 245 N†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.(Reference solid works ) Hence, Bending moment = Force x Displacement = 245 x 36 = 8820 N-mm Static load through stress, Volume of the holder = 4042 x15 +15 x15 x71 x40 = 67.8 x 10 ³ mm ³ Mass = Density x Volume = 7.78 x10-6 x 67.8 x 10 ³ = 0.5278 Kg Weight (P1) = mass x gravitational acceleration = 0.5278 x 9.81 = 5.1746 N Total weight (P) = Wt. of element + Wt. of cylinder = 5.1746 + 0.59.81 = 10.0746 N Stresses at the joint (ÏÆ') = P à · A = 10.0746 à · 6515 = 10.338 10-3 N/mm ² Extension in the element (ÏÆ'st) = (ÏÆ' à · E) x L = (10.33810-3 à · 2.06x 105) x 35 = 1.756 x 10-6 mm Maximum Impact load acting on the bolt (Pmax) = P {1+√ [(2 h) à · ÏÆ'st ] } = 10.0746 {1+ √ [(2 x 50) à · 1.756 x 10-6]} = 76.06 x 10 ³N Stress produce due to Impact load (ÏÆ'p) =√ [(2 E P h) à · (AL)] = √ [(2x 2.06x 105 x (10.1746+245) x 50) à · (6515 x 35)] = 392.47 N/mm ² 392.47 N/mm ² < 600 N/mm Stress produce due to impact load less than 600 N/mm hence design is safe.

Fred as a Foil to Scrooge in A Christmas Carol :: Christmas Carol Essays

Fred as a Foil to Scrooge in A Christmas Carol In Charles Dickens' A Christmas Carol, Scrooge's selfish, cold, melancholy nature is contrasted with Fred, Scrooge's light-hearted nephew. At the beginning of the novel, Fred and Scrooge are complete opposites, but, as the novel progresses, they become more and more alike. Throughout the novel, Dickens uses Fred to show Scrooge's transformation from a cold, unfeeling man to a man of warmth and compassion. The first time Fred is seen is on page 5 when he greets Scrooge with, "A merry Christmas, Uncle! God save you!" Scrooge's reply is "Bah! Humbug!" The statement Fred makes shows that he cares about even the coldest beings. Scrooge's reply shows that he is closed to joyous things and it also hints that he is not saved. From their first meeting in the book, their character differences are obvious. During their conversation, Fred and Scrooge reveal their definitions of the word "good." Fred tells Scrooge, "There are many things from which I might have derived good by which I have not profited" This shows that Scrooge's definition of Good is money. Later on, Fred states that he has always thought of Christmastime "as a good time; a kind, forgiving, charitable, pleasant time." This defines Fred's "good" as kind, forgiving, charitable, and pleasant. After Fred leaves, two gentlemen come to Scrooge and ask for money for the poor. His response is, "Are there no prisons? And the union workhouses? Are they still in operation?" One of the gentlemen replies, "They are. Still, I wish I could say they were not." Scrooge's remark shows that he doesn't care about poor people. He does not care if they live or die, just as long as he is comfortable. The two gentlemen are shocked by this. At the beginning of Stave II, Scrooge lies awake considering that he could, "no more go to sleep than go to heaven." This shows that he probably isn't going to heaven. On page 43, Dicken's gives a glimpse of Scrooge's warm personality that has been muted by the cold, horrible events that have happened to him. When he says, "Why, it's old Fezziwig! Bless his heart; it's Fezziwig alive again!" Scrooge uses the word "bless" to show that he cared for Fezziwig.

CONTEMPORY MANAGEMENT Essay -- essays research papers

CONTEMPORY MANAGEMENT Examine the implications of globalization for Australian business and discuss whether Australia should become more integrated into the global economy Australia is an excellent object of study of globalization and its implications for business as its economic structure is at an unusual 'mid-way' point. New market opportunities, competitive threats and opportunities alike have been the key drivers of globalization since the 1980's. This essay analyzes a variety of topics to determine whether Australia should become more integrated into the global economy. Defining globalization and its major players is crucial to the argument. Petrella's definition of the main characteristics of contemporary globalization will be used as a framework to analyze and define the main changes that are a result of globalization. Through this process, the second part of the paper is devoted to analyzing the advantages and disadvantages for Australian business in becoming more integrated into the global economy. A conclusion can then be reached to confirm that the viability of Australia's integration into the global economy is not only advantageous but also a necessary progression. Globalization is defined by various academics depending on the viewpoint they take. Keenoy and Kelly however most broadly define globalization as . . . The expansion of international trade and production to the extent that most forms of economic activity are not only interlinked but also interdependent Globalization can also be defined through its characteristics. Petrella describes globalization as comprising of the following concepts: „h Internationalization of financial markets „h Internationalization of corporate strategies, in particular their commitment to competition as a source of wealth creation. „h Diffusion of technology and related R&D and knowledge worldwide „h Transformation of consumption patterns into cultured products with worldwide consumer markets „h Internationalization of the regulatory capabilities of national societies into a global political economic system. „h Diminished role of national governments in designing the rules for global governance The internationalization of financial markets is a direct result of globalization and vice versa. Four clear forces have contributed to this: market saturation, disintermediation, deregulation of financial mar... ... of contemporary globalization have been discussed. The internationalization of finances and trade into a global political system puts Australian firms in the vulnerable position of becoming exposed to environmental risks of the world. These factors also open infinite opportunities to Australian businesses. Trading on a global basis allows larger access to consumers, hence profits, and the internationalization of finances can be considered an economic strength, rather than a weakness. The internationalization of corporate strategies requires a change in the thinking of managers and their planning. Through the diffusion of technology and transformation of consumption patterns the commitment to wealth creation can be endless. The major players in the global market place have changed with shifts in power towards large organizations. There will be losers in a more competitive environment but the benefits for Australian firms are endless. Globalization of Australia as it becomes more integrated into the economy is already in progress, and has been for a long time. If Australian firms are to keep up they will have to become more integrated, this is not a choice, but rather a necessity.

A Violent Act-Taking Place at Work

As difficult as it may be to imagine a violent act-taking place at work, in these times it is an eventuality that cannot be ignored. Too frequently, these days, the evening news leads off with a report about a disgruntled employee committing some horrifying act of violence in the workplace. Something like that could never happen here, is what most assumes. Unfortunately, the statistics show that violence can and does happen in the workplace. In fact, the chances of violence occurring in the workplace are shockingly high and increasing. An important question that should be asked is, what causes violence in the workplace? The answer to this question is very complex. There are numerous contributing factors that can push an employee to the point that may seem unbearable. To an employee, being perceived unfair is one of the significant factors. Many times the organization is looked upon as not treating their employees properly. Other contributing factors are, but not limited to, an unstable economy, downsizing, layoffs–each causes fear, depression, and paranoia, evaluations, lack of promotion or advancement, authoritarian management, relationships brought to the workplace, and stress (Liabig 33). Stress is one of the more common causes of violence at any place of employment. The body†s response to any demand on it for adaptation is called stress. A stressor may be acute or chronic. Stress can also be both good and bad. Examples of good stress are reasonable deadlines and competition. This type of stress if needed to function, without stress people become stagnates. The level of anxiety caused by a good stressor is usually in the low moderate range. Levels of high anxiety are okay for short periods of time. If levels of high anxiety last for an extreme period then the stressor is bad, and the person functioning becomes impaired and overwhelmed (NIOSH 1). The failure to adapt to stress can cause clinical depression. Clinical depression is a depression that is organic in nature whose origin is usually a chemical imbalance or caused by outside factors. It is obvious that these circumstances may result in subsequent aggression. In turn, such feelings may produce intense emotions of anger and resentment, which may lead to the feeling of needing to harm the people that is responsible in some manner. Other contributing factors that may trigger workplace aggression and violence frequently are related to three types of workplace changes. 1) The increased use of part-time and temporary workers. This causes aggressions for two reasons. First, the increased use of contingent workers makes existing employees feel threatened. Secondly, a revolving door of temps can make employees uncomfortable. 2) Management turnover and change. When bosses start changing, the workplace aggression level increases. This is because employees may not like the new boss style, they may feel uncertain about their own job security or they may view the new managers as an opportunity to act out. 3) Major schedule changes. Employees who suddenly find themselves working a new shift after getting comfortable with a certain set of hours can become uneasy. Detecting the characteristics of an employee that may display some of the above attributes should certainly be continuously in effect (Caudron 51). It is important that data that is collected be as specific as possible and focus on job performance or any unusual behavior on the job. Recurring patterns should be noted. Everyone has an off day once in a while so observation or documentation should go on over a period of time. Collection of data helps the supervisor make a fair and impartial assessment of job performance. It also guards against remembering only the peaks of performance, the good days and not the bad days. There are several characteristics that should alert an employer of possible signs of workplace aggression. Individuals who commit violence tend to fit a pattern. Often, they are loners, and the main focus of their lives is their job. Absenteeism, which consist of frequent absences or days off with vague or unlikely excuses. Also included would be excessive use of sick leave, tardiness and early departures are some things to look for. There is also the factor of on-the-job absenteeism. This may entail an employee being regularly absent from post, long lunches and always preoccupied. Then there is the issue of personal appearance, attitude and behavior. An employer should take notice when the personal appearance becomes untidy and when distinct mood swings occur during the day for no apparent reason. If the smell of alcohol and or excessive use of breath deodorizers are used and repeated unusual accidents on or off the job occur, yes the employer should take notice. Another issue that may create workplace aggression would be interpersonal relations. If there are complaints from co-workers and from clients on a regular basis, and if the employee has a tendency to avoid associates. Direct threats of violence, verbal abuse or intimidation toward employees. An intense anger that does not defuse over time or a fascination with the killing power of weapons that go far beyond a hobbyist gun collection. These behaviors are observable warning signs of violent behaviors. Having the ability to recognize is one thing but what counts the most is being able to prevent workplace violence. If it is not understood what triggers violence then it is difficult to prevent it. Although many acts of workplace violence appear completely random, there are actually many things companies can do to prevent violent outbreaks from occurring. The initial step would include the screening of potential employees thoroughly. If the resources are not there, an outside service should be hired to conduct criminal background checks for a nominal cost. The implementation of a zero-tolerance policy with harsh repercussions for violent or threatening behavior at the workplace should be established. All threats of violence should be reported to the police immediately. Certain circumstances may even warrant the temporary use of a security firm. It is significant for an employer to create a workplace culture that encourages mutual respect and open communication. It would be essential to conduct training for employees and supervisors that covers conflict resolution, how to report and handle complaints of unfair treatment and how to recognize signs of a potentially violent employee. The use of the Employee Assistance Program, which is a plan that provide employees with assistance for various problems, as a means to prevent workplace violence due to stress. All employees should be trained in methods to handle stress. When firing or disciplining a potentially violent employee, the employer should be sensitive. To sound as if the employee is being accused, is not a good approach. An example is to simply state that other employees have begun to feel fearful and that according to the company policy, it is required to take action. This approach will avoid blame. Also when firing or disciplining a potentially violent employee, the manager should make sure that they find something good to say about the employee (Liabig 33). By building up the persons dignity, it decreases the likelihood that the employee will see the manager as part of the larger corporate conspiracy that is out to get him or her. Last but not least, it is very relevant for the employer to provide job counseling for terminated employees. Termination is a traumatic change and counseling can help these individuals cope. It is a fact that an individual can exhibit one or more warning signs and never resort to violence. It is important to remember that people have different levels of sensitivity. What is a violence-triggering event to one person may not be to another. Each case must be examined on an individual basis and, to the extent possible, viewed from that person's perspective.

Affects of childhood trauma

Trauma as a child has developing effects, mentally and physically when growing Into an adult. BACKGROUND: The ma]orally of abused or neglected kids have a harder time building relationships with anybody who is trying to help them. It is proven kids without a healthy attachment are more prone to be vulnerable stress. We all know that stress can lead to a more severe lifestyle. Depression, anxiety and aggressive behavior are all medical problems following stress and traumatic trauma. Healthy development needs a healthy foundation. I am hoping to accomplish more education and a better understanding on this certain topic. With the online library, personal experience and the many other resources available, will be the biggest factor in the development of this research paper. There are a lot of opinion, facts and psychology papers written on this topic so it is going to be important to look for plagiarism. The more credible resources I look into the better the coherence and the less likely of committing plagiarism.The more aware we are of our behaviors and what our kids take from us, the better he understanding we have about their development. 1 . Some kids take a lot more from parents than others. 2. Some kids are more mentally traumatized to neglect than a lot of others are. 3. Some kids are born more emotionally sensitive than their siblings and friends. If you are an involved member of your community such as a minister, coach or school teacher you are going to deal with others personal situations. 1 .Understanding the mindfulness behind traumatic emotions the better educated and prepared you are for that certain situation. 2. The more educated you are on the behaviors that follow aromatic experiences the more of an open eye you will have for the situation. 3. Traumatized children are more likely to engage in high risk behaviors including, self- harm and aggression towards others. The education on human behavior and emotional intelligence gives us a better self-aw areness for ourselves and others. 1 . The more education we have on our emotions the better explanation we can give ourselves. 2.Self-awareness will give us a more open eye for the actions and behaviors we see in our kids and others. 3. Understanding the responsibility of our actions and how they have an influence on our kids, plays a major role in the way they perceive life. A lot of childhood trauma come from classmates and not the parents. 2. A lot of children are â€Å"spoiled† and act out because there is no discipline. 3. Some kids are just born that way and they will grow out of It â€Å"they are not depressed nor do they have anxiety† there Just kids and there are to many parent putting kids on medicine.Response to counter-arguments: 1. Yes correct, but if you are not aware of the change in your child's behavior because f what is going on in school, then you cannot correct the problem. 2. There are differences in behaviors when your child is not getting there w ay compared to you child going through a traumatic experience. 3. That's why educating yourself is so Important to understanding the differences. Already learned to live with the emotion and start to Just act out. Sometimes medication is what's needed, Just educate yourself on the medication and get different opinions.

Philosophy †Religion Essay

Explain and illustrate two criticisms of the claims that the universe shows design Many philosophers have suggested that world shows design to the extent that there can be no other conclusion other than there is a God who created it. This argument has come to be known as the teleological argument (from the Greek ‘telos’ meaning ‘purpose’). The argument is an inductive one, a posterior (knowledge gained from experience) and is put forward to prove the existence of God. Design can refer to qua regularity and qua purpose. The former focuses on order and regularity in the world and the latter focuses on purpose and beauty but does this hold up to scrutiny? One criticisms was put forward by Hume in his Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion says that there is no evidence for order in the world. In fact the evidence given seems to suggest an evil creator; the arbitrary destruction in the world that affects everyone included innocents seems to suggest that there is no design or order in the world. Tsunamis, hurricanes and earthquakes can all be cited in Hume’s attack. This is made even more apparent from the fact that modern physics isn’t as ordered as the predominant supporter of the design argument, William Paley. Paley gave examples such as the planets and seasons and even gives backing from science saying that Newton’s laws govern the very body of nature. However this has been proved to be wrong by Princeton University and their study called ‘The Dome’, the study in itself shows that Newton’s law’s are non-deterministic meaning that a ball can drop from any apex (as did in the experiment) without a cause. This shows that even science isn’t ordered as Paley made out. Another criticism is which is also put forward by Hume is that Paley’s argument (that there is, indeed, design in the world) is that this is a disanalogy. Paley gave the example of watch stating that it had purpose (it could tell us the time), regularity (evident through second, hour and minute hand) and design (the mechanisms) and he claims that this is analogous to the world. However this is a clear disanalogy according to Hume; for we have experience of watches and we know that they have designers and thus know that they must be designed, we can not however say the same for the universe, as we only have one and we are contained within it. If we were transcendent and had access to more than one universe or even if we had witnessed them being designed we may have been able to accept Paley’s claims. Hume also says that it’s not analogous because a watch’s purpose is axiomatic but this is unlike the universe where it is subjective. For a Christian, the purpose of life is to create a relationship with God so that they can be eschatologically reunited and the universe allows this (it’s purpose) however a humanist would say that the universe has no purpose and that we are here to live our lives to the full. Thus Paley’s claims are left redundant. To conclude, these two criticisms have shown that there is question as to whether there is design in the world. Hume has shown that design qua (in relation to) purpose and regularity are merely positions which are nothing more than falsities. Explain and illustrate two claims that God’s existence is incompatible with the existence of evil Evil has come to pose one of the single largest threats to theism, indeed, many such as John Stuart Mill and David Hume concluded that God no longer existed because of the existence and the incompatibility of it. Evil has been defined to be the â€Å"absence of good† by Aristotle but it mainly refers to two types, either natural evil which entails natural disasters such as tsunamis or moral which refers to morally wrong actions and intents taken by humans such as infanticide or examples such as the Holocaust. Some try to reconcile the ideas of evil and God (in what has come to be known as theocies) but it is questionable whether they have succeeded. Hume puts the first criticism forward which is known as the logical problem of evil, a deductive argument, by first reissuing the statements as a theist would accept them; 1. God is omnipotent. Omniscient and omnibenevolent 2. Evil (and thus suffering exist) Hume claims that the one and two are incompatible. For if he loved us then he would stop suffering and thus he can not be omnibenevolent. Hume developed his argument through his ‘inconsistent triad’ which states that God is either unable to stop evil which means they he is not omnipotent; that he does not know about the evil which means he is not omniscient. This leads us to the conclusion that God’s existence is logically incompatible with the existence of evil and Hume to say that one of the sides of triangle (attributes of God, considering that evil objectively exists) and so Hume says that it is the â€Å"death† of classical theism. The answer to this could be that evil exists so that we can allow us to spiritually grow, for it is true that we can not become courageous unless an instance of danger arises, similarly we can not gain compassion without suffering. So the criticism is solved through God wanting us to experience suffering so we can go though a process of soul-making (this marks the basis for Iraneus’ theodicy). However this leads to the second criticism which is predominantly put forward by William Row, Charles Darwin and David Hume says that even if we were to accept that evil should exist and it is compatible, the sheer amount and the distribution of it shows that the existence of God and evil is less probable. This inductive argument cites points in history that show that the distribution doesn’t seem to amount justification for soul-making; it can accept the death of an adult, but what of the Gulag and Holocaust? Rowe also notes that there are evils which do not lead to spiritual growth such as people who never recover such as child who has had his whole family burned. Rowe also gives the example of a fawn who burns in a forest but no one is around to see it, who is growing spiritually, what compassion has been encompassed? This anthropocentric approach (by implication) also fails because it leaves animal suffering unanswered. Thus, the view that evil and God’s existence is compatible is made redundant not only in the face of the incompatibility of God’s very nature and the existence of evil but the sheer amount and distribution of it.