Pan Africanism Essay

Pan-afri put upism has a dual character it is at the same time (i) an international governmental fecal matter and (ii) a socio-political world-view, a philosophical and pagan umbrella concept, which seeks to cryst solelyize the historical and cultural outrage that Europe has perpetrated on the continent during the historical several centuries.An international movementAs an international movement, the term denotes the ripe elements in Africa that have as their greens goal the consonance of only Africans and the elimination of colonialism and white supremacy from the continent.The First Pan-African relation back was held in capital of the United Kingdom in 1900, and was followed by other(a)s in Paris in 1919, in capital of the United Kingdom and Brussels (1921), London and Lisbon (1923), and in New York City in 1927. These conventions were organized chiefly by W. E. B. Du Bois1 and attended by the North the Statesn and West Indian black intelligentsia. These, however, did no t propose immediate African independence, rather, they favored gradual self-government and interracialism.In 1944, several African governances in London joined to form the Pan-African Federation, which for the first time demanded African impropriety and independence. The Sixth Pan-African Congress was convened in Manchester, England, in 1945, to which came future political leading of Africa such as Jomo Kenyatta of Kenya, Kwame Nkrumah of the Gold Coast, S. L. Akintola of Nigeria, and Wallace Johnson of Sierra Leone. At the Manchester congress, Nkrumah founded the West African National Secretariat to foster a so-callight-emitting diode United States of Africa.Pan-africanism can also be considered as an intergovernmental movement which was launched in 1958 with the First conclave of Independent African States in Accra, Ghana. Ghana and Liberia were the only sub-Saharan countries stand for the rest were Arab and Muslim.Thereafter, as independence was achieved by more African sta tes, other interpretations of Pan-Africanism emerged, including the Union of African States (1960), the African States of the Casablanca Charter (1961), the African and Malagasy Union (1961), the nerve of Inter-African and Malagasy States (1962), and the African-Malagasy-Mauritius Common Organization (1964).In 1963 the Organization of African Unity (OAU) was founded to promote unity and cooperation among all African states and to bring an end to colonialism and by 1995, it had 53 members. The OAU strugg direct with border disputes, aggression or subversion against one member by another, separatist movements, and the collapse of order in member states.One of its interminable commitments and greatest victories was the end of apartheid and the put inment of majority rule in south Africa. Efforts to promote even greater African economic, social, and political integration led to the establishment in 2001 of the African Union (AU), a successor organization to the OAU modeled on the Eu ropean Union. The AU fully superseded the OAU in 2002, after a transitional period.A socio-political world-viewPan-Africanism is also a sociopolitical world-view, which seeks to unify and receive both native Africans and those of the African Diaspora, as part of a international African community.As originally conceived by Henry Sylvester Williams of Trinidad, pan-Africanism referred to the unity of all continental Black African cultures and countries. The concept soon spread out, however, to let in all Black African-descended people worldwide, who had been dispersed to the United States of America, the Caribbean, Latin America and even parts of the Middle East and sulphur Asia through the trans-Atlantic and Islamic/East African slave trades and, later, immigration.More recently, the term has expanded to adopt the Dravidian Blacks of India, including the Tamil, Siddi, Kamil, Kanikar and others the Andamanese Island Negritos and the Black aboriginal populations of Australia, New Guinea and Melanesia. Pan-Africanism as a movement actually began in the West Indies, not Africa. Williams coined the term at the 1900 Pan-African Congress. To date, the Afro-Jamaican Marcus Garvey2 has led the largest pan-African movement in world history with his UNIA-ACL organization that he founded in Kingston, Jamaica in 1912, and Garveyism quickly spread in the United States when he travel his headquarters to Harlem in 1914.Pan-Africanism in essence means the unity of all Black African descended people worldwide irrespective of ethnicity/culture or nationality. The Rastafarian movement of Jamaica grew out of pan-Africanism, when Marcus Garvey declared look to Africa for the crowning of a Black king the Rastas looked to Haile Selassie I of Ethiopia. (Ironically, Garvey criticized Selassie on many issues). as well as a branch of the pan-African movement is the Afro-centric movement, of whom Cheikh Anta Diop and his idealogical son Molefi Kete Asante are the champions. This move ment centers on reexaming African history from a pro-African perspective as opposed to the a pro-European one, a return to traditional African concepts and culture and often espouses the view that Egypt and some other civilizations were and should be ack at presentledged as having Black African origin. Also associated with pan-Africanism is Black Nationalism.During apartheid in South Africa there was a Pan Africanist Congress that dealt with the oppression of Black South Africans under White apartheid rule. Other pan-Africanist organizations include Garveys Universal Negro Improvement Association-African CommunitiesPan-Africanism is often criticized for overlooking the cultural and ethnic differences as well as different socio-political circumstances.Role of Pan-africanism in the modern history of AfricaThe role that pan African movement has compete in minimizing inter-governmental conflicts and civil war- like situations in some African countries has been very significant. The r estriction of the page limit for the essay does not accept me to go into the details of these conflicts. However, the pivotal role that the movement played in the proposals to reform the United Nations Organization deserves more than a cursory mention.The travail for the proposed reforms of the United Nations credential Council (UNSC), while producing fireworks around the world, has also opened up old historical wounds and heightened regional rivalries in Africa.The hottest rivalries have been in Asia, specially between India and Pakistan, and between Japan, South Korea and China, but Africa has also exhibited some variety show of divisions along regional and language lines as countries scramble for permanent place in the Security Council.African countries jockeying for the permanent seats have been South Africa, Nigeria, Kenya, Egypt and Libya. To that list, Senegal has been the latest addition, The African Union (AU) is flummoxed as to which of its member states to endorse, and has yet to establish the criteria to be used for selecting African countries to the reformed Security Council. The entry of Senegal into the flight has only increased the dilemma, and is an indication of the AUs indecision. In creating this leading vacuum, the AU is leaving the selection of who will represent Africa on the expanded UN Security Council to be determined by foreign busybodies and regional queen struggles.A working group that was appointed in January 2005 during the Abuja tip of the African Union to make recommendations on the proposed UN reforms presented its report to the Foreign Ministers on March 7, 2005 in Addis Ababa, but was deafeningly silent on the selection criteria for Security Council permanent seats.What the AU stands to gain from a reformed Security Council accord to the Ezulwini Consensus, which was adopted by the AU Foreign Ministers as Africas common position on UN reform, Africas goal is to be fully represented in all the decision-making organ s of the UN, particularly in the Security Council, which is the top dog decision-making organ of the UN in matters relating to international peace and security.Many observers feel that the UNSC is now more important than ever to Africa, particularly concerning matters of intervention in the conflicts occurring inwardly the region. A consensus as to the criterion of UNSC membership is the least expected of the African States.ReferencesKadiatu Kann, African Identities Race, Nation and Culture in Ethnography, Pan-Africanism and Black Literatures, ROUTLEDGE, LONDON, 1998.Kwame Anthony Appiah, In My dons House Africa in the Philosophy of Culture, Oxford University Press, 1992

Past Paper Questions

Principles Of Accounts May/June 2007 component 1 Answer ALL questions in this section. 1. (a) List THREE distinguishing features of a partnership concern. (3 marks) (b) Skerritt and Cymbal are in Partnership sharing profits and losses in the ratio of their capital balances. The following balances were left over in their books after the preparation of the Trading and Profit and Loss Account on kinfolk 30, 2006. Capital Accounts Skerritt $30 000 Cymbal $40 000 Current Accounts Skerritt $(300) Cymbal $1 cholecalciferol Drawings Skerritt $12 000 Cymbal $5 000Motor Vehicle at cost $43 000 Buildings at cost $232 000 Debtors $23 300 Creditors $17 000 Stock at kinfolk 30, 2006 $18 000 Cash at bank $27 000 Additional randomness to be taken into consideration (1) The net profit for the year terminate September 30, 2006 is $250 000. (2) Each partner earns an annual salary of $60 000. (3) wager on capital is to be paid at the rate of 5% per annum. (4) Interest on drawings is to be charge d at the rate of 10% per annum. Skerritt drew cash on October 31, 2005 and Cymbal drew cash on inch 31, 2006. 5) Accumulated depreciation on Motor Vehicles to September 30, 2006 is $8 600.Required (i) pee-pee the Profit and Loss Appropriation Account for Skerritt and Cymbal for the year ended September 30, 2006. (6 marks) (ii) Prepare the Current Accounts of Skerritt and Cymbal on September 30, 2006. ( 5 marks) (iii) Prepare the proportion Sheet of Skerritt and Cymbal as at September 30, 2006, showing the working capital. (Do not show details of the current accounts in the Balance Sheet. Transfer tho the closing balances from the partners current accounts. ) (6 marks)

Pttls

1. 1 total bring out aspects of legislation, regulatory requirements and codes of pr affectice relating to feature manipulation and responsibilities I wee for Dor set off through kill County Council (DCC) as an Area early days Worker, where I phlebotomise a Youth Centre in North Dorset. The centre provides a compartmentalisation of provision and projects within the local community. As part of DCC we ar governed by various legislations, regulatory requirements and codes of practice. This could relate in a variety of situations such as the buildings or staff we manage, f and so forthing with three-year-old multitude in stems or l ane live oning or up to now with the activities and sustenance we provide.These guidelines and requirements be put in place to help oneself protect not just those that we work with but to a fault my staff, visitors and myself. It is important to bring back up a good working attend of these factors as the below legislation is on that p oint to help c in tho forth inclusion within the work place and for those that we apprise and work with. I will endeavour to go over the severalize legislation that affects my work place below. The Children deed 1989 The current child shield system is based on the Children cause 1989, which was introduced in an effort to elucidate and clarify the existing plethora of justices affecting children.Hailed at the clip as the most comprehensive and uttermost-r distributivelying reform of child law which has come in advance Parliament in living memory by the then ecclesiastic Chancellor Lord Mackay of Clashfern, it enshrined a name of principles. The paramountcy principle message that a childs welf be is paramount when making any decisions or so a childs upbringing. The Children Act 1989 sets out in dilate what local regimen and the courts should do to protect the welf atomic number 18 of children. It charges local authorities with the duty to investigate f they gesta te reason fitted cause to odd that a child who lives, or is found, in their area is suffering, or is li able(predicate) to suffer, signifi orduret harm (section 47). Local authorities are also supercharged with a duty to provide services for children in assume, their families and separates (section 17). It is section 31 of the Children Act 1989 that sets out the NSPCCs authorised individual status which means the NSPCC has the power to apply directly for a court order if it believes a child is suffering or likely to suffer signifi do-nothingt harm.The superfluous program lineal Needs and Disability Act 2001 This rats it unlawful to discriminate against state in look upon of their disabilities in relation to employment, the provision of goods and services, education and transport. It also imposes upon open authorities a positive duty to promote disability comparability. This will en authoritative the inclusion of disabled students within all group activities, and also to ensure that their disabilities are fully considered when planning such activities.They moldiness(prenominal) receive full and equal glide path to education and all associated activities and resources. The humans race Rights Act 1998 (also kn suffer as the Act or the HRA) came into force in the United Kingdom in October 2000. It is composed of a series of sections that encounter the effect of codifying the protections in the European Convention on Human Rights into UK law. whole public bodies (such as courts, police, local governments, hospitals, publicly funded schools, and differents) and other bodies carrying out public functions have to comply with the Convention mightys.This means, among other things, that individuals can topic human rights cases in domestic courts they no longer have to go to Strasbourg to solicit their case in the European Court of Human Rights. The Equality Act 2010 simplifies the old? laws and puts them all to bondher in one piece of legislati on. Also, it makes the law stronger in some areas. So depending on your circumstances, the new Act may protect you more than. The Equality Act 2010 protects you from things like racial or phantasmal discrimination, harassment, sexual orientation, gender discrimination or if you have a disability.The health & Safety at Work Act (1974) Every individual moldiness(prenominal) be mindful of the following responsibilities. They must take reasonable grapple for the health and gumshoe of him/her and of other persons who may be affected by his/her acts or omissions at work. They must Co-operate with employers or other persons so far as is necessary to enable them to perform their duties or requirements under the Act. They must not intentionally or recklessly interfere with or step anything provided in the interests of health, safety or welfare.It is clearly vitally important for a get winder/tutor to be vigilant and mindful of health and safety issues. Some hazards and the issues which surround them will be constant to all surrounds. Examples let in tripping hazards (laptop cables, bags), and fire safety hazards. Other hazards are going to be very much dependant on the type of environment in which training is taking place and the learner group with which the tutor is working. The teaching method & Skills Act (2008) was introduced and aimed to increase participation in training for raw commonwealth and adults.It puts in place a right for adults to basic and intermediate skills, openhanded adults a second chance to gain the skills they need to thrive in society and throughout their working lives. As a worker we acquit with a number of details regarding the new-fashioned battalion and families we work with DCC have use the below guidelines with regards to data protection. The data Protection Act 1998 (amended 2003). This act covers the protection of face-to-face data.The most important elements to be aware of are the following data protection princi ples outlined in the act Data may only be used for the specific purposes for which it was collected. Data must not be disclosed to other parties without the consent of the individual whom it is somewhat, unless in that location is legislation or other overriding legitimate reason to partake in the discipline. Individuals have a right of access to the information held about them, discipline to certain exceptions (for fount, information held for the prevention or detection of crime).Personal information may be kept for no longer than is necessary and must be kept up to date. Personal information may not be sent outside the European Economic Area unless the individual whom it is about has consented or adequate protection is in place. The departments of an organisation that is holding ad hominem information are required to have adequate security measures in place. Those include technical measures (such as firewalls) and organisational measures (such as staff training). Subjects h ave the right to have factually incorrect information corrected. . 2 let off own responsibilities for promoting equality and valuing diversity As a Youth Worker a core value of our work is not only dealing with promoting equality and diversity but also teaching others how to understand and work aboard those with differing opinions and values. These values are at the core of the work underinterpreted within youth work and underpin the standards recognising that at the heart of all youth work is a unsalted person led approach. The National Youth operation describes the key purpose of youth work is to Enable boyish plenty to better holistically, working with them to facilitate their personal, social and educational development, to enable them to develop their voice, influence and place in society and to reach their full capability The following statements, views and vaules are underpinned by the principles of equity, diversity and interdependence, Participation and active da te Young commonwealth choose to be involved, not least because they indispensability to relax, meet friends, make new relationships, to have fun, and to find game.The work starts from where young people are in relation to their own values, views and principles, as thoroughly as their own personal and social space, It seeks to go beyond where young people start, to widen their horizons, promote participation and invite social commitment, in particular by encouraging them to be critical and creative in their responses to their roll in the hay and the world around them, ? Equity, diversity and inclusion Youth workers teach and treat young people with respect, valuing each individual and their differences, and promoting the playance and understanding of others, whilst challenging oppressive behaviour and opinions.We promote as well as learn to respect values individual differences by supporting and alter young peoples belief in themselves, and their capacity to originate and to change through a demonstrative of(predicate) group environment. Partnership with young people and others Youth workers actively respond to the wider networks of peers, communities, families and cultures which are important to young people, and through these networks seek to help young people to achieve stronger relationships and corporal identities, through the promotion of inclusivity.We work in partnership with young people and signposting to other agencies which contribute to young peoples social, educational and personal development. In turn we are able to recognise the young person as a partner in a accomplishment bear on, complementing nominal education through informal education elapseing to, promoting access to cultivation opportunities, which enable them to fulfil their potential, ? Personal, social and political development How young people feel, and not just with what they know and can do, It is through facilitating and empowering the voice of young people, encour aging and? nabling them to influence the environment in which they live. We help promote and lead on safeguarding issues of young people, and provide them with a safe environment in which to ? explore their values, beliefs, ideas and issues. 1. 3 Explain own role and responsibilities in lifelong learning My key role in the LLS will be to help promote youth work and deliver items such as first aid training. I will help to provide a set of skills, knowledge, understanding and behaviours necessary for any function that a youth work role is likely to perform.This is also underpinned by a set of hold values and a key purpose in learning. I would want to promote good practice for my learners so that they would have transferable skills and the arrogance to sell themselves positively to employers, education establishments and their peers, setting a benchmark for the experience and competence that is required for them to grow as an individual. 1. 4 Explain own role and responsibilities i n identifying and meeting the needs of learners How? As a trainer in the LLS we have a key responsibility in educating others.It takes more than just a well typed up lesson plan with all the get word thrilly bits and bobs. In order to educate others we need to go through some(prenominal) steps as educators ourselves. I have been on courses where the tutor talks the talk but then doesnt follow up or put into practice what they are teaching. They are fixed by timings, curriculums and other pressures faced when teaching and forget the fundamentals of teaching. By using the above Training Needs Analysis (TNA) as an example of process, it clearly helps us as trainers to identify areas of need and training speech involve for pupils to succeed.Stage 1 this stage allows us to gather the information needed on each learner and class sizes. It also allows us to require into appropriate venues and training aids. It would also allow us to signpost to other agencies if you could not meet their needs. Stage 2 This is for me where the fun begins. As a trainer using stage 1 Im able to explore and think of new and different techniques and delivery styles, to mix and tot activities that I havent tried before using the information to hand. This not only revives me as a trainer but I would hope this would also promote a practical learning environment.Other key areas to consider would be resources need, H&S issues and timings Stage 3 My favored way of training style is EDIP Explanation, Demo, Imitate and Practice. I find this helps promote learning and evolves repetition. I believe repletion is the key to getting students to understand what the aims and objectives are We must also make sure that is inclusive to all, that vanquish engages students, ensuring that ground rules are established and maintained that helps to provide a safe, hospitable teaching environment that inspires and motivates students to learn and take part.By using ice circuit breaker enables a saf e learning enviroment and back up plans/lessons, as each group will be different. Stage 4 This is the area that keeps me up all night. Its not the thought of evaluating, as it is key to get the views and opinions of others peers and students. Its the reflective work I undertake, even when Im bombilate from delivering a great session. When using evaluating tools (and at that places 100s out there) in my experience its only a fiddling majority that give you the information needed to improve. Most will tick boxes quickly at the end and put N/A or great session or even no lunch provided in boxes for comments.The best form of evaluation is to try and spend some time at the end or during the course to meet your students and hear what they have to say, this could even happen during a session where you will go off topic or away from your thrilly lesson plan as it meets the current learning needs of the group, but being mindful not to stray to far. The reproof work is key to progression as it allows you to work on improvements, you can also help students with progressive areas or even pat yourself on the back once in a while. 2. Explain the boundaries between the teaching role and other traffical roles Working alongside other agencies or governing body bodies can create paid barriers. In my opinion governing bodies are there to help maintain good standards within your profession as well as promote good quality assurance. Its when changes are made/forced upon workers and learners where skipper barriers become indistinct. Making sure communication is clear between others is key. Another factor which some professionals are unwilling to admit, is the fear of change. Change can be good if managed well.Unfortunately even if the change is managed well if the workers involved are not inclined to accept this, boundaries and relationships can be fragile. 2. 2 Describe points of referral to meet the needs of learners inwardly our organisation there are various referral points for learners or people that access our centres. These referral points are a valuable part of what we offer as a service to users of the centre. I would also offer extra help and support to those that I work with by outlining at the start and the end that there is additional support and help to suit your needs.We would try and be as flexible as possible and help with further progression if learners would need it. Likewise some learners are unable to see their potential and I would encourage further learning if I deemed this necessary and appropriate. 2. 3 Summarise own responsibilities in relation to other professionals When working within other professional work places, I work to a very professional standard keeping all parties aware of what it happening. I act in a way that I would expect other workers to conduct themselves if they came to my work place.I would strive to meet all needs required by other professional such as contracts or learning agreements made. Having the t itle professional doesnt mean I or others arent infallible. We all make mistakes, its how we as professionals deal with those mistakes and what learning can be taken from any mistakes made. Likewise it is important to share successes with other professionals. 3. 1 Explain own responsibilities in maintaining a safe and supportive learning environment As a trainer you are responsible for a number of key areas as mentioned in from 1. through to this section. Without a safe and supportive environment learning can not take place effectively. To give you an example of this Maslow introduced a Hierarchy of Needs (Below) in 1954 aft(prenominal) rejecting the idea that human behaviour was determined by childhood events. He felt up that there are five needs which represent different levels of want which must be met and he also believed that people should be able to move through these needs to the next level provided they are wedded an education that will promote growth.Self-actualization morality, creativity, problem solving, etc. Esteem includes confidence, self-esteem, achievement, respect, etc. Belongingness includes love, friendship, intimacy, family, etc. Safety includes security of environment, employment, resources, health, property, etc. Physiological includes air, food, water, sex, sleep, other factors towards homeostasis, etc. 3. 2 Explain ways to promote appropriate behaviour and respect for others This is an important part of any work that I undertake with students of all ages.Im sure that at every training session you go to there will be the ground rules flipchart. Now although ground rules are important, this exercise cannot just promote a healthy and safe learning environment, it can act as an ice breaker too. But how some times has the ground rules sheet been referred to again. With adults very rarely as we should all be aware of the boundaries needed with a group situation. With young learners you may need to refer to the ground rules chart on more than one occasion.But with a whole list that the learners came up with at the start of a daunting first session, will they remember what was said? A process that I have found to be highly successful is after the learners have come up with their long list of dos and donts is to summarize this process with an easy process that is not only practical but effective as well. HARmony For people to get along with one another is just one definition If you take the 1st three letters of harmony you have Honesty if your honest with yourself and othersAwareness If you aware of your feeling or what you say and aware of other thoughts, opinions and beliefs business take responsibility for yourself and others Just these 3 key words can summarize any ground rules and allow you as a trainer to refer to these key words within any positive or negative situation and also allows others to get on with one another. References NSPCA http//www. nspcc. org. uk/ protest/research/questions/child_pr otection_legislation_in_the_uk_pdf_wdf48953. pdf The Data Protection Act 1998 (amended 2003) http//www. legislation. gov. k The Equality Act 2010 http//www. homeoffice. gov. uk/equalities/equality-act/ Special Educational Needs and Disability Act 2001 http//www. ukcle. ac. uk/resources/directions/previous/issue4/senda/ Education & Skills Act (2008) http//www. legislation. gov. uk Employment Equality (Sexual Orientation) Regulations 2003 http//www. legislation. gov. uk The Gender Recognition Act 2004 http//www. legislation. gov. uk health & Safety at Work Act (1974) http//www. hse. gov. uk/legislation/hswa/ National Youth Agency http//www. learning-theories. com/maslows-hierarchy-of-needs. html

What is personal space?

Personal topographic point was an idea first developed by German born Swedish psychologist David Katz in 1937. It is real often describes as an emotionally charged bubble of lay which surrounds each person or alternately Personal space is the region surrounding a person which they envision as manpowertally theirs. Most mess value their person-to-person space and feel discomfort, anger, or anxiety when their personal space is encroached. On the former(a) hand, several(prenominal) research suggests that the personal space bubble is not circular, that elliptical and so we can tolerate volume coming adpressed to us at the side than front or behind.The 4 stages of a persons Personal SpaceThis is a Proxemics Theory, which had been investigated by Edward T residence in 1959, who describes a persons personal space to be in 4 layersIntimate infinite for embracing, touching or speak Close conformation less than 6 inches (15 cm) Far phase 6 to 18 inches (15 to 46 cm)The adjo iningst blank is generally the domain of those who seduce an intimate relationship with each other, just at present also includes situations where the social rules allow contact, for example in a wrestling match (Edward abode distinguishes amongst progress situations requiring body contact and far blanks which posit being very close simply not in contact (whispering)). This distinction is kinda artificial since whether contact occurs provide depend on a sorting of things such as the social and physical setting.Personal aloofness for interactions among good friends or family members Close phase 1.5 to 2.5 feet (46 to 76 cm) Far phase 2.5 to 4 feet (76 to one hundred twenty cm) This zone generally taciturn for good friends or intimate partners in a social setting the near aspect is generally reserved for couples or very close friends, whereas, the far phase is use by acquaintances or simple friends.Social exceed for interactions among acquaintances Close phase 4 to 7 feet (1.2 to 2.1 m) Far phase 7 to 12 feet (2.1 to 3.7 m)This is the zone where those who atomic number 18 not acquainted interact or where craft transactions occur. The near distance would be apply by those being introduced or for in glob business transactions whereas the far phase would be reserved for to a greater extent formal business processes.Public distance used for unexclusive speaking Close phase 12 to 25 feet (3.7 to 7.6 m) Far phase 25 feet (7.6 m) or to a greater extent.It is subdivided into near phase such as the distance between a verbaliser and an audience, and the far phase being the distance for example between the public and an important public figure.This is an easy concept to understand if anybody enters our bubble, and then they atomic number 18 invading personal space.Invading Personal SpaceWhen somebody invades another persons personal space it can make the person feel anxious, awkward, insecure, vulnerable, roiled and uncomfortable simply beca use in that location is another person standing as well close to them and makes them question the intensions of the invader.. The term invasion would generally all be used if the person invading it has not earned their place in one of the four layers. There atomic number 18 actually many psychological and physical effects that are activated when a person is tucker out too close to another and they cause mountain to behave a little unalike than usual, for example Extreme self awareness all at once we forget how to act naturally Limited movements and gestures Reduced eye contact bit aside or away from the intruder Well usually immediately wreak a dance step back. Adopting a defensive position f sexagenarianed arms, less smiles, frowning, strive posture. Stopping the conversation entirely. Factors that influence personal spaceGender- Males interacting with other males require the largest interpersonal distance, Men are to a greater extent(prenominal) territorial an d aggressive by constitution and leave behind keep more distance from other men, but when it comes to women we will usually prefer to get a little closer. This is then followed by females interacting with other females, which requires a little less space and distance as compared to just two men, as investigated by Gifford in 1987. Women are also more sociable than men they get social cues better, more emotionally expressive and are generally better than us men when it comes to emotional communication. Its only natural then that women will feel more comfortable being closer to each other than men. However it credibly depends on the situation, or the relationship, or the age group and so on as well.Culture- This is perhaps the most important factor when it comes to investigating the disparity in invasion of personal space. Hall (1959) identified the importance of cultural variation. He suggested that while all cultures use personal space to communicate, and angle to conform to th e different categories, the size of the space inside the categories varies across cultures. Hall also identified the essential issue in inter-cultural difference as the risquetail itency to interpret invasions of personal space as an indication of aggression. some(a) international examples of this are Distant cultures (northern Europe, US, and many other westerns cultures) tend to keep more personal space and use less touching than other more warm cultures.Asian cultures are characterized as more accommodating and accepting attitudes when it comes to personal space, the opening says its due to more crowded living conditions. Other cultures including south Europe, centre East and South Americans are considered to be more warm by nature touch and close proximity are more welcomed and socially accepted. Age- close to evidence suggests that personal space gets bigger as we grow sure-enough(a) (Hayduk, 1983). Children tend to be quite happy to be physically close to each other, s omething which changes as awareness of adult sexuality develops. In amplification the gender difference does tend to also appear at this time. circumstance- Status has a huge effect on your personal space size and demand. First of all, like the alpha male of the pack, the higher the status the more space is considered to be ones (no surprise that the first crystalise seats are bigger and have more space per individual). Status also affects the size of the territory that is required. Just Like the kings of old owned a huge palace not because they needed 20 bedrooms and an Olympic swimming pool, but because it showed the measure of their power and influence. In fresh days we have the equivalent mansions of the rich and famous to demonstrate their riches and rich lifestyle.Personality- There is some evidence of personality difference but effects here need to be treated with caution inclined the situational dependence of traits. Extraverted and gregarious persons tend to require little personal space, while cold and quarrelsome people require a large interpersonal distance (Gifford, 1982).Urban vs. Rural- The amount of personal space psyche involve is relative to the existence density of where they live, for example, in sparsely populated areas people get more space than in densely populated areas acres people are used to live in a ample and mildly populated areas while city dwellers are more used to crowding. This means that city dwellers will usually have a smaller personal space than country people due to this habit of density. The distance someone extends his/her arm to shake hands gives us a mite whether he/she is from a rural or urban area. batch from the city tend to have an 18-inch bubble which allows the hands to meet in neutral territory. sight brought up in a town with a small population have a space bubble of up to a meter. People from rural areas tend to stand with their feet firmly planted on the anchor and lean forward for the handsh ake, whereas a city dweller will step forward to greet you. People raised in remote areas force require an yet greater Personal Space, which could be as enormous as 6 meters. They prefer to wave rather than shake hands.Case StudiesStudy 1- Felipe & Sommer 1966Aim- To taste the effects of the invasion of personal space Method- Research was carried out in a public library amongst people of similar cultural backgrounds who were sitting alone. These people were split into two groups 1) Those where the confederate approached them, sat in the president next to them and moved the soften closer to them. 2) Those where the confederate approached them and sat in the next-but-one chair. Results- When someone came and sat in the chair next to them and moved the chair closer to them, 70% of the lone people left within half-an-hour. When someone came and sat in the next-but-one chair only 13% of the lone people left within half-an-hour. Conclusion- People found this invasion of their perso nal space disruptive. Researchers also noted that those whose personal space had been invaded moved their chair, put barriers up such as books and changed their body position to move away.Evaluation of this studyStrength- Has high ecological validity since it was conducted in a public place. Weakness- This study used people from a similar background and hence may only be applicable to those sorts of people- this study cannot be generalised.Case Study 2- Sommer 1969Aim- To examine whether there are cultural differences in the use of personal space Method- Researchers detect groups of Arab people and groups of white English people in conversation. Results- The comfortable distance for conversation for Arab people was under 1 m, whereas for white English people the comfortable distance was between 1 m and 1.5 m. Conclusion- Different cultures are comfortable with different amounts of personal space.Evaluation of this studyStrength- Explores how culture affects somebodys personal space and hence raises awareness of how different cultures have conglomerate tolerance levels (when it comes to personal space). This study also raises awareness to people of different cultures when they are visiting other, culture richcountries. Weakness- The study was conducted a grand time ago and due to the many revolutions and acceptances between cultures in straight offs day, the results and findings may not be as accurate now as they were then. This poses questions about whether and how time has affected personal space within the different cultures, and would possibly need a new experiment to be conducted, to update the results.Examples of invading personal spaceInviting a teacher into a students personal space when their help is needed at school/in class for example to help solve a problem this relation is always a professional relationship. When caught fighting and stopped, some kids like to tease the other party with a simple trick- they wee out with their hand and some to uch the other kid (or even worse, stuck the palm in front of their face), then they say something like I dont touch you. Its actually an invitation for a fight, without taking responsibility for sensory facultyting it, because its inconceivable not to respond to this kind of irritation. If youll meet your favorite movie star, you will welcome his company and even his touch even though hes almost a complete stranger to you.But it wont go the other way around- it will be highly inappropriate to get too close to that star without a clear invitation to do so. Youll probably keep a distance from your boss (probably the same one from the previous example) during work, but on look for at trip together some of the social borders will drop curtain down, and youll feel more comfortable being in closer distance. However, when youll get back to work again, youll retain the appropriate workspace between you.

Del monte VPN architecture suggestion for assignment

Del Monte Organization Structure Diagram. Source Dolente. Co. Z The business halogens go forth role-based penetration to earnings resources for employees and business partners Reduce administrative and nedeucerk cost Provide high-confidentiality for business information on the network mesh requirements whippy and adaptive security measure appliance issues a anatomy of substantial contrasted admittance Pre- assemble telethon source provides convenient voice and data networking for home workers VPN solution integrates with existing network systems to enforce gate policies Del Monte Diagram VPN protocols and technologies VPN generally lapse the gate handle three of these scenarios such as Remote access network, ranch office connection network, in addition business partner/ supplier network or piece of tail be called as Extranet. Some of the VPN technologies ar MILS, Pipes and GREG. Pipes is an evolve form from the IPPP development and is shorted of macrocosm finalize d by the IETF. It is an open computer architecture for IP computer software encryption and authentication, thus it is located in the network layer. One of the VPN authentications that have been around for some time is Generic Routing Encapsulation (GREG). It was rootage developed by lake herring as a mean to consider other routed protocols across a predominantly IP network.Some outwork administrators tried to cringe the administrative overhead in the core of their networks by removing all protocols unless IP as a transport. (Pearson, n. D. ) Multiprocessor Label Switching (MILS) is a standard-based applied science employ to speed up the delivery of network packets over four-fold protocols such as P, ATM and Frame Relay network protocols. It would fall by the wayside us some signifi potbellyt improvements, non the least of which was an increase in speed. Perhaps the most all important(p) to us at the time, though, was that each stage could directly connect to both WHQL locations without the need for an additional PVC. It also allows all branch to communicate directly with every other branch without traversing the WHQL locations.This is important as if we were looking to implement a Poi solution. VPN service provider must(prenominal)(prenominal) have a network infrastructure that can support of desegregation remote access directly into an MILS VPN network in order for it to provide a good scalable and complete close-to-end VPN service. The customers can be Sips or large enterprises that want to provide access to remote users just now avoid the need for affirming their own separate and expensive access network. realistic Private Network (VPN) uses hared public telecoms infrastructure, such as the internet, to provide secure access to remote offices and users in a cheaper way than an owned or leased line.VPN are secure because they use delveing protocols and procedures such as social class 2 Tunneling Protocol (LOTT) and Point-to-Point Tunn eling Protocol (PPTP). For this case in this assignment, I would offer Pipes as the VPN technologies and authentication. This is the same as a basic concept that is being introduced by Security Association. The Job of AS is to require sure two or more entities secure when they are communicating with each other. Pipes itself has galore(postnominal) options in providing security which includes encryption, integrity, and authenticity. For determining the Pipes security in details, both of Pipes peers must determine exactly which algorithm to use (e. diethylstilbesterol or DES for encryption, MAD or SHAH for integrity). Then continue with exchanging and sharing session keys. An Pipes diversify in cisco ISO specifies either an AH or an ESP. protocol and its corresponding algorithms and mode. The lake herring Secure VPN guest uses the concept of security policies to specify the same parameters. (cisco Press, n. D. ) Network Solutions for Del Monte Major and required equipment and t heir significance Some important equipment that necessitate by the office are lake herring AS 5500 series accommodative Security Appliance Cisco macintosh Appliance The Cisco MAC Appliance is a turnkey solution that condenses the four MAC functions into virtuoso appliance.Some of MAC components are Cisco NAS, Cisco NAME, Cisco ANA and Rule-set updates. MAC fosters maintain network stability by providing authentication and authorization, posture assessment, quarantining of noncompliance systems and indemnification of noncompliance systems. Cisco Secure ACS Cisco AS 5500 Series adaptive Security Appliance is the best suit for Del Monte. This series provide pressurize firewall, compatible with the VPN architecture, Intrusion Prevention and content security all in single platform. It is also an industry-leading secure mobility technology for an organisation. With its Suspect VPN edition, Del Monte offers employees a wide range of remote access options.An offside worker can set u p a clientles VPN connection using a web browser without pre-installed software. And also, SSL technology that delivers secured access to network by establishing an encrypted tunnel across the internet. Some of the particularised details of Cisco AS sasss features Cisco Easy VPN This feature centralized the circumspection of VPN deployments and helps reduce their complexity. Centralized the management is done by managing Pipes policies and push to the client device by the server. It also allows a remote end user to communicate using IP security with any Cisco ISO VPN gateway. VPN authentication The authentication is done with Cisco Secure Access Control Server (ACS).ACS is an access policy accommodate platform that helps you comply with growing regulatory and corporate requirements. It is utilized for tuner infrastructure. This ACS helps improve productivity and contain costs. ACS works with VPN and other remote outwork access devices to enforce access policies. It also support s administrators authentications, authorizes commands and provides an audit trail. Cisco Anecdote VPN Client LANA-like users can use it for the network connection optimization in a full tunnel client mode on a miscellanea of end-user platforms. Customizable SSL VPN and Pipes Services for Any Deployment Scenario Depending on the series of the AS 5500, PIPS SSP is built-in to help preventing the intrusion.The Cisco AS 5500 Series helps businesses increase effectiveness and efficiency in protecting their networks and finishs while delivering exceptional investment retention with the Market-proven security capabilities, Extensible integrated service architecture, Reduced-deployment and operations costs also large management interface. Companys ERP and CRM Cisco VPN actually integrates smoothly with Del Motes existing network to give employees access only to the resources that they need. This meaner that VPN will make sure only the authorizes users can access to the certain parts of the network and company resources. ERP integrates all divisions and functions end-to-end an organization into a single IT system so that employees can make enterprise-wide sessions by viewing enterprise-wide information on all business operations.Enterprise constitution Automate business process ERP systems collect data from across an organization and correlate the data generating an enterprise-wide view to help run the business. Measuring ERP success There are several different departments in the company. Example, sales typical might need to access to Del Motes data warehouse system (CRM) application to track a shipment. While finance organization need to access to ERP system, file sharing and administrative tools from their portal. So Cisco VPN makes ere that each department can only access to their own but not others. And until now IT professional might need access to everything on the network for troubleshooting or monitoring.Security To provide additional network security for remote employees, Del Monte can use the Cisco MAC appliance to enforce security policy compliance. It identifies the security policies before permitting those devices access to the network. Cisco MAC appliance is a network admission control that is designed by Cisco to nurture a secure and clean network environment. Two Pipes Peers employ dynamical Directory-based Pipes Policy, Source techno. Microsoft. Mom Pipes packet filtering Pipes has an ability to provide limited firewall capabilities for end systems by performing multitude-based packet filtering. It also can be configured to permit or block specific types of incase IP business based on source and destination address combinations and specific protocols and specific ports.While the security can be strengthen by using Pipes packet filtering to control exactly the type of communication that is allowed between systems. Filtering Packets by Using Pipes, Source techno. Microsoft. Com Types of antiaircraft guns Some of th e possible attacks that can happen to VPN are woman chaser force attacks and cautionary attacks. STEP attacks An STEP attack typically involves the base of bogus root bridge. This can be accomplished using forthcoming software from the internet such as broccoli or step- packet. In this attack, Buds sent by the attacking host announce a start bridge priority in an attempt to be elected as the root bridge, then the topology change Buds to force spanning-tree recalculations.If successful, the attacking host becomes the root bridge and sees a variety of frames that otherwise are not accessible. STEP attacks Brute force attack A cryptanalytic type of attack that is used against any encrypted data to guess the seers surname and password. It is solely because this attack has a dictionary of commonly used passwords and cycle through those words until it gains access to the account. Brute force attack takes different variety times to complete as it is depending on the number of encryptio n surface (64-bit, 128-bit or 256-bit). The higher number of the encryption, the longer time it is needed by Brute force to accomplish its attack.Dictionary attack A technique which is used by hacker to determine the decryption key of the authentication appliance by trying it repeatedly until the real possibility is come UT. Basically, it is acting like a person who searches a keyword from a dictionary. Yet this attack only tries the best possibilities that are most likely to success. References J. Charged and J. Pacer, MILS and VPN Architectures, foremost deed. Indianapolis, IN Cisco System, Inc. , 2003. G. A. Donahue, Network Warrior, 2nd deed. Soapstone, CA Reilly Media, 2011. J. Afraid and O. Santos, Cisco AS, 2nd deed. Indianapolis, IN Cisco System, Inc. , 2010. O. Santos, End-to-end network security, USA-landslips, IN Cisco System, Inc. , 2008. Pipes security. Retrieved from http//techno. Microsoft. Com

Price Fixing

The case was released in the mid-2006, where the federal Trade focusing has declared that they are challenging the members of the Puerto Rico sleeper of Endodontists, union or the PRAE (Commissions, 2006). This is because of alleged price-fixing collaborations that they would be charging on several insurance policies and dental run that they offer. They cook collaborated and made agreements with 30 other competitors, wherein they fixed their prices at the expenditure of their consumers.Because of this, the FTC was forced to file a complaint against this company since it decreases the competition in the midst of these companies, and so high costs will be imposed on the consumers. This is a clear violation of the Federal Trade Commission Act, subsection number 5. In nine for this matter to be resolved, The Puerto Rico Association of Endodontists, Corp. will have to refrain from involving in matters that promote anticompetitive conduct in the coming classs.Through this, the Federal Trade Commission will be able to make sure that these dental run and other undeniable wellness care issues will be given and addressed for the consumers at prices that they could afford. Keeping a competitive environment in the spirit of health care will open up go bad opportunities for the plenty, along with lower berth competitive prices. Letting healthcare be monopolized will lead to higher pricing and less maintenance, and would really be a burden to the people, the consumers. Thats why these health care providers and producers should not act as one(a) they should not collaborate with each other in their pricing, because it takes away the aspect of competitiveness between them.The complaints against Puerto Rico Association of Endodontists, Corporation shows that in the year 2003, the company has already began its bargaining with their competitors, thus resulting to the drastic increase in five dental plans already. Another increase occurred during 2004, wherein t he prices also went up because of their bargaining.Because of these actions the ones who were jeopardized were the people they were the ones who carried the burden of increased rates, since these health care issues is a necessity for everyone. The Federal Trade Commission analyzed that these drastic changes in prices have no whatsoever effect on the quality of services offered by the company, thus the additional prices were not really justifiable. It doesnt lead to a better quality of health care, thus, it is only a waste in the area of the consumers.Given the situation, the Federal Trade Commission proposed a consent order which will be solve the problem at hand. This will hopefully relieve the impact of the alleged anticompetitive actions by the Puerto Rico Association of Endodontists, Corporation and further prevent it from happening again. It would then hinder the company to have any settlements or agreements with other endodontists and negotiate with any payor on the services that they offer, except properly arranged by the organization.ReferenceCommissions, F. T. (2006). FTC Charges Puerto Rico Endodontists With determine Fixing. Retrieved August 4, 2007

Solutions of Financial Management

Chapter 1 An Overview of Financial Management schooling Objectives After leaseing this chapter, students should be able to ? Identify the three briny forms of disdain organization and describe the advantages and disadvantages of each maven. ? Identify the primary closing of the management of a publicly held mess, and understand the relationship between shopworn m wholenesstary appraises and shargonholder apprise. ? Differentiate between what is meant by a melodic phrases ingrained rate and its foodstuff value and understand the concept of equalizer in the trade. Briefly develop three of import trends that induct been occurring in business that dumbfound implications for managers. ? Define business ethics and briefly apologise what companies are doing in response to a re spic-and-spaned interest in ethics, the consequences of unethical behavior, and how employees should deal with unethical behavior. ? Briefly explain the conflicts between managers and rail line holders, and explain useable motivational tools that can help to prevent these conflicts. Identify the break officers in the organization and briefly explain their responsibilities. Lecture Suggestions Chapter 1 c everyplaces roughly important concepts, and discussing them in class can be interesting. However, students can read the chapter on their own, so it can be assigned nevertheless non coered in class. We spend the first twenty-four hours going everywhere the syllabus and discussing grading and other mechanics relating to the course. To the extent that time permits, we conference about the topics that allow for be c oered in the course and the grammatical construction of the book.We all everyplacely discuss briefly the fact that it is assumed that managers try to maximize expect impairments, just that they whitethorn have other goals, hence that it is useful to tie executive fee to live conveyholder-oriented performance measures. If time permits, we think it s worth enchantment to spend at least a full day on the chapter. If not, we ask students to read it on their own, and to keep them honest, we ask one or two questions about the material on the first mid-term exam.One blossom we emphasize in the first class is that students should print a transcript of the PowerPoint slides for each chapter covered and purchase a fiscal calculator immediately, and act both to class regularly. We also put copies of the various versions of our Brief figurer Manual, which in about 12 pages explains how to use the most popular calculators, in the copy center. Students allow need to learn how to use their calculators immediately as time value of money concepts are covered in Chapter 2. It is important for students to grasp these concepts early as m whatsoever of the remaining chapters build on the TVM concepts.We are often asked what calculator students should buy. If they already have a financial calculator that can find IRRs, we tell them that it wi ll do, scarce if they do not have one, we recommend either the HP-10BII or 17BII. Please get a line the Lecture Suggestions for Chapter 2 for much on calculators. DAYS ON CHAPTER 1 OF 58 DAYS (50-minute periods) Answers to End-of-Chapter Questions 1-1When you purchase a stock, you expect to receive dividends summing up capital gains. Not all stocks pass dividends immediately, but those corporations that do, typically pay dividends quarterly.Capital gains (losses) are received when the stock is sold. Stocks are risky, so you would not be certain that your expectations would be metas you would if you had purchased a U. S. Treasury protective covering, which offers a guaranteed fee every 6 months plus repayment of the purchase price when the security matures. 1-2No, the stocks of assorted companies are not equally risky. A company tycoon operate in an industry that is viewed as relatively risky, much(prenominal) as biotechnologywhere megs of dollars are spent on R&D that may never result in wage.A company might also be heavily regulated and this could be perceived as increasing its risk. former(a) factors that could cause a companys stock to be viewed as relatively risky allow heavy use of debt financing vs. faithfulness financing, stock price volatility, and so on. 1-3If investors are more than confident that lodge As cash flows will be closer to their pass judgment value than follow Bs cash flows, wherefore(prenominal) investors will drive the stock price up for Company A. Consequently, Company A will have a higher stock price than Company B. -4No, all corporate projects are not equally risky. A debaucheds investment decisions have a significant daze on the riskiness of the stock. For example, the types of as desexualizes a company get hold ofs to invest in can impact the stocks risksuch as capital intensive vs. labor intensive, specialized as fastens vs. general (multipurpose) assetsand how they choose to finance those assets can also im pact risk. 1-5A stiffs ingrained value is an estimate of a stocks true value base on ideal risk and return data. It can be estimated but not deliberate precisely.A stocks catamenia price is its marketplace pricethe value based on perceived but possibly incorrect culture as seen by the marginal investor. From these definitions, you can see that a stocks true long-run value is more closely related to its constitutional value earlier than its occurrent price. 1-6Equilibrium is the situation where the actual market price equals the intimate value, so investors are in divergent between purchasing or selling a stock. If a stock is in residual then there is no fundamental imbalance, hence no pinch for a change in the stocks price.At any precondition time, most stocks are reasonably close to their inborn values and thence are at or close to equilibrium. However, at times stock prices and equilibrium values are different, so stocks can be temporarily undervalued or overvalu ed. 1-7If the three intrinsic value estimates for Stock X were different, I would have the most confidence in Company Xs CFOs estimate. Intrinsic values are strictly estimates, and different analysts with different data and different views of the future tense will form different estimates of the intrinsic value for any given stock.However, a riotouss managers have the best information about the companys future prospects, so managers estimates of intrinsic value are generally better than the estimates of outdoors investors. 1-8If a stocks market price and intrinsic value are equal, then the stock is in equilibrium and there is no pressure (buying/selling) to change the stocks price. So, theoretically, it is better that the two be equal however, intrinsic value is a long-run concept. Managements goal should be to maximize the regulars intrinsic value, not its current price.So, maximizing the intrinsic value will maximize the modal(a) price over the long run but not needs the cur rent price at each point in time. So, stockholders in general would probably expect the firms market price to be under the intrinsic valuerealizing that if management is doing its job that current price at any point in time would not necessarily be maximized. However, the CEO would prefer that the market price be highsince it is the current price that he will receive when drill his stock excerpts.In addition, he will be retiring after physical exercise those elections, so there will be no repercussions to him (with respect to his job) if the market price dropsunless he did something illegal during his tenure as CEO. 1-9The board of directors should set CEO stipend dependent on how sound the firm performs. The stipend package should be sufficient to attract and retain the CEO but not go beyond what is needed. Compensation should be structured so that the CEO is rewarded on the basis of the stocks performance over the long run, not the stocks price on an resource exercise date .This means that options (or direct stock awards) should be phased in over a number of divisions so the CEO will have an motivator to keep the stock price high over time. If the intrinsic value could be measured in an objective and verifiable manner, then performance pay could be based on changes in intrinsic value. However, it is easier to measure the growth rate in reported profits than the intrinsic value, although reported profits can be manipulated through aggressive accounting procedures and intrinsic value cannot be manipulated.Since intrinsic value is not observable, fee must be based on the stocks market pricebut the price used should be an average over time rather than on a injury date. 1-10The three important forms of business organization are sole proprietary, partnership, and corporation. The advantages of the first two include the ease and low cost of formation. The advantages of the corporation include limited liability, questionable life, ease of ownership tra nsfer, and access to capital markets.The disadvantages of a sole proprietorship are (1) difficulty in obtaining large sums of capital (2) interminable someoneised liability for business debts and (3) limited life. The disadvantages of a partnership are (1) unlimited liability, (2) limited life, (3) difficulty of transferring ownership, and (4) difficulty of raising large amounts of capital. The disadvantages of a corporation are (1) double taxation of earnings and (2) setting up a corporation and filing required state and federal reports, which are hard and time-consuming. 1-11Stockholder wealth maximization is a long-run goal.Companies, and consequently the stockholders, prosper by management making decisions that will produce long-term earnings increases. Actions that are continually shortsighted often catch up with a firm and, as a result, it may find itself unable to compete efficaciously against its competitors. There has been much criticism in recent years that U. S. fir ms are too short-run profit-oriented. A prime example is the U. S. auto industry, which has been criminate of continuing to build large fellate guzzler automobiles because they had higher profit margins rather than retooling for smaller, more fuel-efficient models. -12Useful motivational tools that will aid in adjust stockholders and managements interests include (1) reasonable salary packages, (2) direct intervention by shareholders, including firing managers who dont perform well, and (3) the threat of tax returnover. The requital package should be sufficient to attract and retain able managers but not go beyond what is needed. Also, compensation packages should be structured so that managers are rewarded on the basis of the stocks performance over the long run, not the stocks price on an option exercise date.This means that options (or direct stock awards) should be phased in over a number of years so managers will have an incentive to keep the stock price high over time. Since intrinsic value is not observable, compensation must be based on the stocks market pricebut the price used should be an average over time rather than on a spot date. Stockholders can intervene directly with managers. Today, the majority of stock is owned by institutional investors and these institutional money managers have the clout to exercise massive influence over firms operations.First, they can talk with managers and make suggestions about how the business should be run. In effect, these institutional investors act as lobbyists for the body of stockholders. Second, any shareholder who has owned $2,000 of a companys stock for one year can sponsor a proposal that must be voted on at the annual stockholders meeting, even if management opposes the proposal. Although shareholder-sponsored proposals are non-binding, the results of such votes are clearly heard by top management. If a firms stock is undervalued, then corporate raiders will see it to be a bargain and will attemp t to capture the firm in a hostile takeover.If the raid is successful, the targets executives will about certainly be fired. This situation gives managers a strong incentive to take actions to maximize their stocks price. 1-13a. Corporate sympathy is always a sticky issue, but it can be justified in term of helping to create a more attractive community that will make it easier to hire a productive work force. This corporate philanthropy could be received by stockholders negatively, especially those stockholders not living in its headquarters city.Stockholders are interested in actions that maximize share price, and if competing firms are not making similar contributions, the cost of this philanthropy has to be borne by someonethe stockholders. Thus, stock price could decrease. b. Companies must make investments in the current period in order to generate future cash flows. Stockholders should be aware of this, and assuming a correct analysis has been performed, they should react p ositively to the decision. The Mexican plant is in this category. Capital work outing is covered in profoundness in Part 4 of the text.Assuming that the correct capital computeing analysis has been made, the stock price should increase in the future. c. U. S. Treasury bonds are considered safe investments, while common stock are far more risky. If the company were to stir the emergency funds from Treasury bonds to stocks, stockholders should see this as increasing the firms risk because stock returns are not guaranteedsometimes they go up and sometimes they go down. The firm might need the funds when the prices of their investments were low and not have the needed emergency funds.Consequently, the firms stock price would probably fall. 1-14a. No, TIAA-CREF is not an ordinary shareholder. Because it is one of the largest institutional shareholders in the United States and it controls nearly $280 billion in pension funds, its illustration carries a lot of weight. This shareholde r in effect consists of many individual shareholders whose pensions are invested with this group. b. The owners of TIAA-CREF are the individual teachers whose pensions are invested with this group. c. For TIAA-CREF to be effective in wielding its weight, it must act as a coordinated unit.In order to do this, the funds managers should solicit from the individual shareholders their votes on the funds practices, and from those votes act on the majoritys wishes. In so doing, the individual teachers whose pensions are invested in the fund have in effect refractory the funds voting practices. 1-15Earnings per share in the current year will decline payable to the cost of the investment made in the current year and no significant performance impact in the short run. However, the companys stock price should increase due to the significant cost savings expected in the future. -16The board of directors should set CEO compensation dependent on how well the firm performs. The compensation pack age should be sufficient to attract and retain the CEO but not go beyond what is needed. Compensation should be structured so that the CEO is rewarded on the basis of the stocks performance over the long run, not the stocks price on an option exercise date. This means that options (or direct stock awards) should be phased in over a number of years so the CEO will have an incentive to keep the stock price high over time.If the intrinsic value could be measured in an objective and verifiable manner, then performance pay could be based on changes in intrinsic value. Since intrinsic value is not observable, compensation must be based on the stocks market pricebut the price used should be an average over time rather than on a spot date. The board should probably set the CEOs compensation as a mix between a fit(p) salary and stock options. The vice president of Company Xs actions would be different than if he were CEO of some other company. 17.Setting the compensation policy for three di vision managers would be different than setting the compensation policy for a CEO because performance of each of these managers could be more easily observed. For a CEO an award based on stock price performance makes sense, while in this situation it probably doesnt make sense. Each of the managers could still be given stock awards however, rather than the award being based on stock price it could be determined from some observable measure like increased gas output, oil output, etc. Answers to End-of-Chapter ProblemsWe present here some intermediate stairs and final answers to end-of-chapter problems. Please note that your answer may differ or so from ours due to rounding differences. Also, although we hope not, some of the problems may have more than one correct solution, depending on what assumptions are made in work the problem. Finally, many of the problems involve some verbal discussion as well as numerical calculations this verbal material is not presented here. 2-1FV5 = $16 ,105. 10. 2-2PV = $1,292. 10. 2-3I/YR = 8. 01%. 2-4N = 11. 01 years. 2-5N = 11 years. 2-6FVA5 = $1,725. 22 FVA5 Due = $1,845. 99. 2-7PV = $923. 98 FV = $1,466. 4. 2-8PMT = $444. 89 EAR = 12. 6825%. 2-9a. $530. d. $445. 2-10a. $895. 42. b. $1,552. 92. c. $279. 20. d. $499. 99 $867. 13. 2-11a. 14. 87%. 2-12b. 7%. c. 9%. d. 15%. 2-13a. 10. 24 years. c. 4. 19 years. 2-14a. $6,374. 97. d(1). $7,012. 47. 2-15a. $2,457. 83. c. $2,000. d(1). $2,703. 61. 2-16PV7% = $1,428. 57 PV14% = $714. 29. 2-179%. 2-18a. rain cats and dogs A $1,251. 25. 2-19a. $423,504. 48. b. $681,537. 69. c(2). $84,550. 80. 2-20Contract 2 PV = $10,717,847. 14. 2-21a. 30-year payment plan PV = $68,249,727. b. 10-year payment plan PV = $63,745,773. c. prominence sum PV = $61,000,000. 2-22a. $802. 43. c. $984. 88. 2-23a. $881. 7. b. $895. 42. c. $903. 06. d. $908. 35. e. $910. 97. 2-24a. $279. 20. b. $276. 84. c. $443. 72. 2-25a. $5,272. 32. b. $5,374. 07. 2-26$17,290. 89 $19,734. 26. 2-27a. Bank A = 4%. 2-28INOM = 7. 8 771%. 2-293%. 2-30a. E = 63. 74 yrs. K = 41. 04 yrs. b. $35,825. 33. 2-31a. $35,459. 51. b. $27,232. 49. 2-32$496. 11. 2-33$17,659. 50. 2-34a. PMT = $10,052. 87. b. Yr 3 Int/Pymt = 9. 09% Princ/Pymt = 90. 91%. 2-35a. PMT = $34,294. 65. b. PMT = $7,252. 78. c. Balloon PMT = $94,189. 69. 2-36a. $5,308. 12. b. $4,877. 09. 2-37a. 50 mos. b. 13 mos. c. $112. 38. 2-38$309,015. 2-39$36,950. 2-40$9,385. 3-1$1,000,000. 3-2$2,500,000. -3$3,600,000. 3-4$20,000,000. 3-5a, possibly c. 3-6$89,100,000. 3-7a. $50,000. b. $115,000. 3-8NI = $450,000 NCF = $650,000 OCF = $650,000. 3-910,500,000 shares. 3-10a. $2,400,000,000. b. $4,500,000,000. c. $5,400,000,000. d. $1,100,000,000. 3-11$12,681,482. 3-12a. $592 one million million million. b. RE04 = $1,374 million. c. $1,600 million. d. $15 million. e. $620 million. 3-13a. $90,000,000. b. NOWC05 = $192,000,000 NOWC04 = $210,000,000. c. OC04 = $460,000,000 OC05 = $492,000,000. d. FCF = $58,000,000. 3-14a. $2,400,000. b. NI = 0 NCF = $3,000,000. c. NI = $1,350,000 NCF = $2,100,000. 4-1AR = $800,000. 4-2D/A = 58. 33%. 4-3TATO = 5 EM = 1. . 4-4M/B = 4. 2667. 4-5P/E = 12. 0. 4-6 roe = 8%. 4-7$112,500. 4-815. 31%. 4-9$142. 50. 4-10NI/S = 2% D/A = 40%. 4-112. 9867. 4-12TIE = 2. 25. 4-13TIE = 3. 86. 4-14ROE = 23. 1%. 4-15(ROE = +5. 54% QR = 1. 2. 4-167. 2%. 4-17a. 4-186. 0. 4-19$262,500. 4-20$405,682. 4-21$50. 4-22A/P = $90,000 Inv = $90,000 FA = $138,000. 4-23a. Current ratio = 1. 98 DSO = 76. 3 geezerhood count assets turnover = 1. 73 Debt ratio = 61. 9%. 4-24a. TIE = 11 EBITDA coverage = 9. 46 Profit margin = 3. 40% ROE = 8. 57%. 6-1b. upwards sloping yield curve. c. Inflation expected to increase. d. Borrow long term. 6-22. 25%. 6-36% 6. 33%. 6-41. 5%. 6-50. %. 6-621. 8%. 6-75. 5%. 6-88. 5%. 6-96. 8%. 6-106. 0%. 6-111. 55%. 6-120. 35%. 6-131. 775%. 6-14a. r1 in Year 2 = 6%. b. I1 = 2% I2 = 5%. 6-15r1 in Year 2 = 9% I2 = 7%. 6-1614%. 6-177. 2%. 6-18a. r1 = 9. 20% r5 = 7. 20%. 6-19a. 8. 20%. b. 10. 20%. c. r5 = 10. 70%. 7-1$935. 8 2. 7-2a. 7. 11%. b. 7. 22%. c. $988. 46. 7-3$1,028. 60. 7-4YTM = 6. 62% YTC = 6. 49% most likely yield = 6. 49%. 7-5a. VL at 5% = $1,518. 98 VL at 8% = $1,171. 19 VL at 12% = $863. 78. 7-6a. C0 = $1,012. 79 Z0 = $693. 04 C1 = $1,010. 02 Z1 = $759. 57 C2 = $1,006. 98 Z2 = $832. 49 C3 = $1,003. 65 Z3 = $912. 41 C4 = $1,000. 00 Z4 = $1,000. 00. -710-year, 10% coupon = 6. 75% 10-year zero(a) = 9. 75% 5-year zero = 4. 76% 30-year zero = 32. 19% $100 perpetuity = 14. 29%. 7-815. 03%. 7-9a. YTM at $829 ? 15%. 7-10a. YTM = 9. 69%. b. CY = 8. 875% CGY = 0. 816%. 7-11a. YTM = 10. 37% YTC = 10. 15% YTC. b. 10. 91%. c. -0. 54% (based on YTM) -0. 76% (based on YTC). 7-12a. YTM = 8% YTC = 6. 1%. 7-13VB = $974. 42 YTM = 8. 64%. 7-1410. 78%. 7-15a. 5 years. b. YTC = 6. 47%. 7-16$987. 87. 7-17$1,067. 95. 7-188. 88%. 7-19a. ABS = 6. 3% F = 8%. 7-20a. 8. 35%. b. 8. 13%. 8-1pic = 11. 40% ( = 26. 69% CV = 2. 34. 8-2bp = 1. 12. 8-3r = 10. 9%. 8-4rM = 11% r = 12. 2%. 8-5a. = 1. b. r = 13%. 8-6a. picY = 1 4%. b. (X = 12. 20%. 8-7bp = 0. 7625 rp = 12. 1%. 8-8b = 1. 33. 8-94. 5%. 8-104. 2%. 8-11r = 17. 05%. 8-12rM rRF = 4. 375%. 8-13a. ri = 15. 5%. b(1). rM = 15% ri = 16. 5%. c(1). ri = 18. 1%. 8-14bN = 1. 16. 8-157. 2%. 8-16rp = 11. 75%. 8-171. 7275. 8-18a. $0. 5 million. d(2). 15%. 8-19a. CVX = 3. 5 CVY = 2. 0. c. rX = 10. 5% rY = 12%. d. Stock Y. e. rp = 10. 875%. 8-20a. rA = 11. 30%. c. (A = 20. 8% (p = 20. 1%. 8-21a. ri = 6% + (5%)bi. b. 15%. c. Indifference rate = 16%. 9-1D1 = $1. 6050 D3 = $1. 8376 D5 = $2. 0259. 9-2pic = $6. 25. 9-3pic = $21. 20 rs = 11. 30%. 9-4b. $37. 80. c. 34. 09. 9-5$60. 9-6rp = 8. 33%. 9-7a. 13. 33%. b. 10%. c. 8%. d. 5. 71%. 9-8a. $125. b. $83. 33. 9-9a. 10%. b. 10. 38%. 9-10$23. 75. 9-11$13. 11. 9-12a(1). $9. 50. a(2). $13. 33. a(3). $21. 00. a(4). $44. 00. b(1). Undefined. b(2). -$48. 00, which is nonsense. 9-13a. rC = 8. 6% rD = 5%. b. No pic = $32. 61. 9-14pic = $27. 32. 9-15a. P0 = $32. 14. b. P0 = $37. 50. c. P0 = $50. 00. d. P0 = $78. 28. 9-16P0 = $19. 89. 9-17a. $713. 33 million. b. $527. 89 million. c. $42. 79. 9-186. 25%. 9-19a. $2. 10 $2. 205 $2. 31525. b. PV = $5. 29. c. $24. 72. d. $30. 00. e. $30. 00 9-20a. P0 = $54. 11 D1/P0 = 3. 55% CGY = 6. 45%. 9-21a. 24,112,308. b. $321,000,000. c. $228,113,612. d. $16. 81. 9-22$35. 00. 9-23a. New price = $44. 26. b. beta = 0. 5107. 9-24a. $2. 01 $2. 31 $2. 66 $3. 06 $3. 52. b. P0 = $39. 43. c. D1/P0 2006 = 5. 10% CGY2006 = 6. 9% D1/P0 2011 = 7. 00% CGY2011 = 5%. 10-1rd(1 T) = 7. 80%. 10-2rp = 8%. 10-3rs = 13%. 10-4rs = 15% re = 16. 11%. 10-5 looks A through E should be accepted. 10-6a. rs = 16. 3%. b. rs = 15. 4%. c. rs = 16%. d. rs AVG = 15. 9%. 10-7a. rs = 14. 83%. b. F = 10%. c. re = 15. 81%. 10-8rs = 16. 51% WACC = 12. 79%. 10-9WACC = 12. 72%. 10-10WACC = 11. 4%. 10-11wd = 20%. 10-12a. rs = 14. 40%. b. WACC = 10. 62%. c.Project A. 10-13re = 17. 26%. 10-1411. 94%. 10-15a. g = 9. 10%. b. Payout = 50. 39%. 10-16a. g = 8%. b. D1 = $2. 81. c. rs = 15. 81%. 10-17a. g = 3%. b. EP S1 = $5. 562. 10-18a. rd = 7% rp = 10. 20% rs = 15. 72%. b. WACC = 13. 86%. c. Projects 1 and 2 will be accepted. 10-19a. Projects A, C, E, F, and H should be accepted. b. Projects A, F, and H should be accepted $12 million. c. Projects A, C, F, and H should be accepted $15 million. 10-20a. rd(1 T) = 5. 4% rs = 14. 6%. b. WACC = 10. 92%. 11-1NPV = $7,486. 68. 11-2IRR = 16%. 11-3MIRR = 13. 89%. 11-44. 34 years. 11-5DPP = 6. 51 years. 11-6a. 5% NPVA = $3. 52 NPVB = $2. 87. 0% NPVA = $0. 58 NPVB = $1. 04. 15% NPVA = -$1. 91 NPVB = -$0. 55. b. IRRA = 11. 10% IRRB = 13. 18%. c. 5% Choose A 10% Choose B 15% Do not choose either one. 11-7a. NPVA = $866. 16 IRRA = 19. 86% MIRRA = 17. 12% PaybackA = 3 yrs Discounted Payback = 4. 17 yrs NPVB = $1,225. 25 IRRB = 16. 80% MIRRB = 15. 51% PaybackB = 3. 21 yrs Discounted Payback = 4. 58 yrs. 11-8a. Without palliation NPV = $12. 10 million With mitigation NPV = $5. 70 million. 11-9a. Without mitigation NPV = $15. 95 million With mitigation NPV = - $11. 25 million. 11-10Project A NPVA = $30. 16. 11-11NPVS = $448. 86 NPVL = $607. 0 Accept Project L. 11-12IRRL = 11. 74%. 11-13MIRRX = 13. 59%. 11-14a. HCC PV of costs = -$805,009. 87. c. HCC PV of costs = -$767,607. 75. LCC PV of costs = -$686,627. 14. 11-15a. IRRA = 20% IRRB = 16. 7% Crossover rate ? 16%. 11-16a. NPVA = $14,486,808 NPVB = $11,156,893 IRRA = 15. 03% IRRB = 22. 26%. b. Crossover rate ? 12%. 11-17a. NPVA = $200. 41 NPVB = $145. 93. b. IRRA = 18. 1% IRRB = 24. 0%. c. MIRRA = 15. 10% MIRRB = 17. 03%. f. MIRRA = 18. 05% MIRRB = 20. 48%. 11-18a. No PVOld = -$89,910. 08 PVNew = -$94,611. 45. b. $2,470. 80. c. 22. 94%. 11-19b. NPV10% = -$99,174 NPV20% = $500,000. d. 9. 54% 22. 7%. 11-20$10,239. 20. 11-21MIRR = 10. 93%. 11-22$250. 01. 12-1a. $12,000,000. 12-2a. $2,600,000. 12-3$4,600,000. 12-4b. Accelerated method $12,781. 64. 12-5E(NPV) = $3,000,000 (NPV = $23. 622 million CV = 7. 874. 12-6a. -$178,000. b. $52,440 $60,600 $40,200. c. $48,760. d. NPV = -$19,549 Do not purc hase. 12-7b. -$126,000. c. $42,518 $47,579 $34,926. d. $50,702. e. NPV = $10,841 Purchase. 12-8a. Expected CFA = $6,750 Expected CFB = $7,650 CVA = 0. 0703. b. NPVA = $10,036 NPVB = $11,624. 12-9NPV5 = $2,211 NPV4 = -$2,081 NPV8 = $13,329. 12-10a. NPV = $37,035. 13. b. +20% $77,975. 63 -20% NPV = -$3,905. 37. c.E(NPV) = $34,800. 21 (NPV = $35,967. 84 CV = 1. 03. 13-1a. E(NPV) = -$446,998. 50. b. E(NPV) = $2,806,803. 16. c. $3,253,801. 66. 13-2a. Project B NPVB = $2,679. 46. b. Project A NPVA = $3,773. 65. c. Project A EAAA = $1,190. 48. 13-3NPV190-3 = $20,070 NPV360-6 = $22,256. 13-4A EAAA = $1,407. 85. 13-5Projects A, B, C, and D Optimal capital budget = $3,900000. 13-6NPVA = $9. 93 million. 13-7Machine B Extended NPVB = $3. 67 million. 13-8EAAY = $7,433. 12. 13-9Wait NPV = $2,212,964. 13-10No, NPV3 = $1,307. 29. 13-11a. Accept A, B, C, D, and E Capital budget = $5,250,000. b. Accept A, B, D, and E Capital budget = $4,000,000. c.Accept B, C, D, E, F, and G Capital budget = $6,000,0 00. 13-12a. NPV = $4. 6795 million. b. No, NPV = $3. 2083 million. c. 0. 13-13a. NPV = -$2,113,481. 31. b. NPV = $1,973,037. 39. c. E(NPV) = -$70,221. 96. d. E(NPV) = $832,947. 27. e. $1,116,071. 43. 14-1QBE = 500,000. 14-230% debt and 70% equity. 14-3a. E(EPSC) = $5. 10. 14-4bU = 1. 0435. 14-5a. ROELL = 14. 6% ROEHL = 16. 8%. b. ROELL = 16. 5%. 14-6a(1). -$60,000. b. QBE = 14,000. 14-7No leverage ROE = 10. 5% ( = 5. 4% CV = 0. 51 60% leverage ROE = 13. 7% ( = 13. 5% CV = 0. 99. 14-8rs = 17%. 14-9a. P0 = $25. b. P0 = $25. 81. 14-10a. FCA = $80,000 VA = $4. 80/unit PA = $8. 0/unit. 14-11a. 10. 96%. b. 1. 25. c. 1. 086957. d. 14. 13%. e. 10. 76%. 14-12a. EPSOld = $2. 04 New EPSD = $4. 74 EPSS = $3. 27. b. 339,750 units. c. QNew, Debt = 272,250 units. 14-13Debt used E(EPS) = $5. 78 (EPS = $1. 05 E(TIE) = 3. 49(. Stock used E(EPS) = $5. 51 (EPS = $0. 85 E(TIE) = 6. 00(. 15-1Payout = 55%. 15-2P0 = $60. 15-3P0 = $40. 15-4D0 = $3. 44. 15-5$3,250,000. 15-6Payout = 31. 39%. 15-7a. $1. 44. b. 3%. c. $1. 20. d. 33? %. 15-8a. 12%. b. 18%. c. 6% 18%. d. 6%. e. 28,800 new shares $0. 13 per share. 15-9a(1). $3,960,000. a(2). $4,800,000. a(3). $9,360,000. a(4). Regular = $3,960,000 Extra = $5,400,000. c. 5%. d. 15%. 16-1103. 41 days 86. 99 days $400,000 $32,000. 16-273 days 30 days $1,178,082. 16-3$1,205,479 20. 5% 22. 4% 10. 47% bank debt. 16-4a. 83 days. b. $356,250. c. 4. 87(. 16-5a. DSO = 28 days. b. A/R = $70,000. 16-6a. 32 days. b. $288,000. c. $45,000. d(1). 30. d(2). $378,000. 16-7a. 57. 33 days. b(1). 2(. b(2). 12%. c(1). 46. 5 days. c(2). 2. 1262(. c(3). 12. 76%. 16-8a. ROET = 11. 75% ROEM = 10. 80% ROER = 9. 16%. 16-9b. $420,000. c. $35,000. 16-10a. Oct. loan = $22,800. 17-1AFN = $410,000. 17-2AFN = $610,000. 17-3AFN = $200,000. 17-4a. $133. 50 million. b. 39. 06%. 17-5a. $5,555,555,556. b. 30. 6%. c. $13,600,000. 7-6$67 million 5. 01. 17-7$156 million. 17-8a. $480,000. b. $18,750. 17-9? S = $68,965. 52. 17-10$34. 338 million 34. 97 ? 35 days. 17-11$19. 10625 milli on 6. 0451. 17-12a. $2,500,000,000. b. 24%. c. $24,000,000. 17-13a. AFN = $128,783. b. 3. 45%. 17-14a. 33%. b. AFN = $2,549. c. ROE = 13. 06%. 18-1a. $5. 00. b. $2. 00. 18-2$27. 00 $37. 00. 18-3a, b, and c. 18-4$1. 82. 18-5rd = 5. 95% $91,236. 18-6b. Futures = +$4,180,346 Bond = -$2,203,701 Net = $1,976,645. 18-7a. $3. 06 $4. 29. b. 16. 67%, 61. 46% -100%. c. -16. 67% -100% 63. 40%. d. No $30. 00 and $27. 00. e. Yes $37. 50 and $37. 50. 19-10. 6667 pound per dollar. 9-227. 2436 yen per shekel. 19-31 yen = $0. 00907. 19-41 euro = $0. 68966 or $1 = 1. 45 euros. 19-5 Dollars per 1,000 Units of Pounds Can. Dollars Euros Yen Pesos Kronas $1,747. 10 $820. 60 $1,206. 90 $8. 97 $93. 10 $128. 10 19-76. 49351 krones. 19-815 kronas per pound. 19-10rNOM-U. S. = 4. 6%. 19-11117 pesos. 19-12b. $1. 6488. 19-13a. $2,772,003. b. $2,777,585. c. $3,333,333. 19-14+$250,000. 19-15b. $19,865. 19-16$468,837,209. 19-17a. $52. 63 20%. b. 1. 5785 SF per U. S. $. c. 41. 54 Swiss francs 16. 92%. 20-155. 6% 50%. 20-2$196. 6. 20-3CR = 25 shares. 20-4a. D/AJ-H = 50% D/AM-E = 67%. 20-5a. PV cost of leasing = -$954,639 Lease equipment. 20-6a. EV = -$3 EV = $0 EV = $4 EV = $49. d. 9% $90. 20-8a. PV cost of owning = -$185,112 PV cost of leasing = -$187,534 Purchase loom. 20-9b. portion ownership Original = 80% Plan 1 = 53% Plans 2 and 3 = 57%. c. EPS0 = $0. 48 EPS1 = $0. 60 EPS2 = $0. 64 EPS3 = $0. 86. d. D/A0 = 73% D/A1 = 13% D/A2 = 13% D/A3 = 48%. 21-1P0 = $37. 04. 21-2P0 = $43. 48. 21-3$37. 04 to $43. 48. 21-4a. 16. 8%. b. V = $14. 93 million. 21-5NPV = -$6,747. 71 Do not purchase. 21-6a. 14%. b. TV = $1,143. 4 V = $877. 2.

Early Death Penalty Laws Essay

The death penalization laws were started focus back in the eighteenth century B. C. at a lower place the tag of pouf Hammaurabi of Babylon which covered the death penalty for just slightly 25 different offenses or crimes. In the Fourteenth Century B. C. of the Hittite Code, the Fifth Century B. C of Ro existence law of the Twelve Tablets and the Seventh Century B. C. of the Draconian Code of Athens utilise death penalty as a subdivision of their laws and made capital penalty as the sole penalization for each crime committed.During those dates, death penalties were put throughd through drowning, beating to death, crucifixion, burning alive(p) and impalement. Moreover, during the Tenth Century A. D. in Britain, the common method of executing the charge was through hanging. A century later, William the Conqueror would not standardized to look at and permit all flimflam to be hanged or else executed for any offense except during times of war. scarcely this trend did not pop off because during the reign of Henry VIII in the Sixteenth Century, there were approximately 72,000 pronounces that were executed.The methods used in the act during his reign were burning at the stake, hanging, boiling, beheading, canton and drowning. In addition, in the following two centuries, the rate of capital offenses go along to go up in Britain. During the 17th century, there were just about 222 crimes were sentenced by death penalty in Britain which included cutting down a tree, stealing and stealing a rabbit warren. And due to drastic penalty of death, several juries would not tardily convict a defendant if the showcase committed was not really serious. This action had brought changed in the death penalty of Britain.Since 1823 up to 1837, the capital punishment was abolished for over 100 of the 222 offenses sentenced to death. Furthermore, Britain had influenced the united States of the States to practice death penalty comp ared to any other country. As the time European colonizers arrived in the new world, they brought with them the practice of death penalty. The first man ever recorded and received such punishment in 1603 under the new colonies was Captain George Kendall in the Jamestown colony of Virginia. Captain George Kendall was sentenced to death because he was a spy of Spain.Four years later, Sir Thomas Dale (a governor from Virginia) decreed the Devine, Moral and Martial Laws which used death penalty even for youngster crimes like killing chickens, trading with Indians and stealing grapes. Laws which regard to capital punishment depend from colony to colony. The first execution in the Massachusetts quest Colony happened in 1630 although the Capital Laws of New York Colony instituted the Laws of Duke of 1665. In these laws menti id, crimes like denying the true God and striking individuals father or mother were sentenced to death (see Early remainder Penalty Laws.History of the Death Penalty, p. 1). In addition, the ch art below records the practice of death penalty in United States of America in the past four centuries. The chart emphasizes the procrastinating rate growth of death penalty during seventeenth, eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. In the middle of 1930s, there were approximately 200 executions happened every year and amid 1967 and 1977, there was succeeding regression in practice and a breakout on executions. The statistics utilized in the chart were compiled from M. Watt Espy and magic trick Ortiz Smylkas database Executions in the U.S. 1608-1987 The Espy File. (See Executions in the U. S. 1608-1978 The Espy File. DPIC, 2006). C. Different methods used to execute quite a little There are many ways on how to execute death penalty as mentioned in the earlier discussion. But then again, there are seven principal methods of execution that are presently use globally and these are the hanging, sack squad, lethal injection, stoning, poison gas, guillotine, and electric automobile chair. c. 1 Hanging If this method handled properly, this would be considered as humanist method.The neck is intentionally broken and then, death quickly comes. Nonetheless, if the fall is insufficient, the convict volition slowly choke to death. If it is excessively great, the rope has the tendency to twat the convicts head (see Methods used to execute people. Facts about capital punishment Part 1 info and Trends. ghostly Tolerance. org). c. 2 Firing Squad The convict is tied and shot in the center using several marksmen. Death is expectedly to be fast and of all of the states in the United States of America, only the Utah practiced such method.In work 15, 2004, the method was abolished by other states and chose to have lethal injection instead, hardly with the exception of the four convicted murderers on death rows that were sentenced to death through firing squad (see Methods used to execute people. Facts about capital punishment Part 1 Data and Trends. Religious Toleranc e. org). c. 3 Lethal pellet This kind of method is the most convenient execution of death penalty. magic spell the convict is lying on the table, the lethal drugs are injected to him/her.Normally, sodium thiopental is injected to cause unconsciousness to the convict. After that, pancuronium bromide is injected. This drug stops airing and paralyzes the convict. Then lastly, potassium chloride is injected to end the circulation of the heart. If this method is properly performed, the convict easily becomes unconscious. But if the dosage is extremely slow, the person may possibly receive paralysis. This kind of method is practiced by most states in the United States of America (see Methods used to execute people. Facts about capital punishment Part 1 Data and Trends.Religious Tolerance. org). c. 4 Stoning The convict is frequently buried up to his neck and bombarded with rocks till the convict will finally die. Rocks are used for this method because they are big profuse to initiate fatal injury to the convict except even one rock can already cause death to the convict. This method is perfectly not practiced in all states of United States of America but is actually practiced in several Muslim countries as a punishment for adultery, murder, blasphemy and other offenses (see Methods used to execute people.Facts about capital punishment Part 1 Data and Trends. Religious Tolerance. org). c. 5 Poison Gas Cyanide is dropped into acid which produce Hydrogen Cyanide. It is a deadly gas. It would take several minutes of anguish and pain in advance the convict dies (see Methods used to execute people. Facts about capital punishment Part 1 Data and Trends. Religious Tolerance. org). c. 6 Guillotine This was recognize and eminent French invention and not practiced in northern America. It cuts the neck and death comes very fast (see Methods used to execute people.Facts about capital punishment Part 1 Data and Trends. Religious Tolerance. org). c. 7 Electric chair This is the only method of death execution that not a single person knows how fast the convict dies from the electric shock or what the individual is experiencing. The ACLU explains two incidents where convicts obviously lived for 4 up to 10 minutes before they will die (see Methods used to execute people. Facts about capital punishment Part 1 Data and Trends. Religious Tolerance. org).

How do The Odyssey and The Crucible use the hero in order to explore the concerns of their times?

The concept of what constitutes a protagonist varies according to the values, culture, consideration and setting of the society in indecision. bulls eye in his epic poem The Odyssey and Arthur miller in The Crucible with the portrayal of the wedge heels in their textual matterbooks Odysseus and trick observe, reflect the values of the time in which the text was set save more importantly provide a cordial commentary on the condition of the texts. two looking to the past to provide answers and draw parallels with the present.The Odyssey was indite approximately in 700 BC and was set in twelfth carbon BC, in what was known as the Bronze Age. The Hellenics believed that this earlier period was a more glorious and sublime age, when Gods still frequented the Earth and heroic, godlike mortals with herculean attri thoes populated Greece. The Odyssey is episodic in nature and in many shipway consisted of nation building myths which were unifying and drew on what was common in Grecian culture by detailing the exploits of the classical archetypal Greek hero, Odysseus.Essentially it is an epic tale in which the wicked atomic number 18 destroyed, overcompensate prevails, and the family is reunited. On the other hand, The Crucible was written in the early 1950s in the States and is set in 1692 in capital of Oregon, a small town in colonial Massachusetts. It follows the witch-hunts of 1692 which began when several young girls were stricken with an illness characterized by symptoms of hallucinations and seizures, which were ascribed to witchcraft. This led to the eventual exe sheerion of thirty individuals for the crime of witchcraft.They were tried and convicted in an atmosphere of moral absolutism through which Miller alludes to the events which took place in the 1950s before the syndicate of Un-Ameri rout out Activities Committee in Washington. The Crucible can be viewed as allegorical text non for anti-communism, or as a faithful account of the Sa lem trials, just as a powerful timeless description of how intolerance and hysteria can get across and tear a community apart. Furthermore, in contrast with Odysseus, John Proctor is a tragic hero, who would rather die then confess and lived with a marred name.This idea of nobility is inseparable from the tragedy genre. Tragedy in many ways enlightens, in that it points the heroic finger at the confrontation of a mans freedom. The quest for freedom is the quality in the tragedy which exalts. Both texts are framed by religious imagery. In The Odyssey Odysseus does not question the power of the Gods and in many ways Homers text can be viewed as a moral lesson, through the omnipresent nature of the gods as they guide the wandering hero home.This reflects the Greek notion that the gods exercise compulsory power over the mortal world. In the poem mortals are always making sacrifices to the gods to earn their favour. Conversely, offending the gods creates immense problems as is illus trated through Poseidons hate against Odysseus for blinding his son Polyphemos. Moreover, it is still through Athenas guidance throughout the text that Odysseus can survive his dangerous adventures.This distinguishes an important point as it reiterates not only the all-powerful nature of the gods but excessively introduces the idea that if Odysseus the hero cannot survive without guidance from the gods then the rest of the members of society must swallow up their fate as lying in the hands of the gods. What must also be noted however are the characteristics of the gods, which were a mixture of magical, infinite powers and basic human instincts, the gods were not perfect. Through this portrayal of the gods in the text Homer presents a more glorious time in Greek culture in a time when Greece was only a behind of its former greatness.This however varies in The Crucible which is set in a theocratic society, in which church and state are one and the religion practised was rattli ng austere form of Protestantism known as Puritanism. In this form of society there is no room for deviation from social norms, since any individual whose private life does not conform to the establish moral laws presents a threat not only to society but also to the rule of God You must understand, sir, that a person is all with this court or he must be counted against it, there be no road between.John Proctor challenges this religious individualism of time and shows how man has used god to manipulate and control individuals and it is ultimately his choice not to confess to witchcraft, which is a true religious and personalized stance. In this way The Crucible can be viewed a typic of the paranoia of the communism which pervaded America in the 1950s. Several parallels existed between the witch hunts of 1692 and the House Un-American Activities Committees rooting out of surmise communists.As with the alleged witches of Salem, suspected Communists were encouraged to confess the ir crimes and to name names, identifying others sympathetic to their radical cause. Miller through the actions of the hero Proctor foregrounds the McCarthyist excesses, which wronged many innocents, making a strong policy-making statement. Furthermore, both Odysseus and Proctor are flawed and hitible and both of them fall into the seductive charms of the seductresses as is portrayed in the texts.Women are presented as any sainted virgins Elizabeth and genus Penelope or seductresses Abigail and Calypso this dichotomy represents the patriarchal structures of the place setting of the texts. Moreover the texts also highlight the dangers of giving women power and of female internal potency. Odysseus infidelity when he is trapped by Calypso serves to reflect sexual activity roles and the replicate standard in Greek society. Homer does not slang the responder to view Odysseus infidelity with any disdain or upbraiding withdrawing into the caverns deep recesses, long in each others arms they lost themselves in love (250-51).It is somehow acceptable for Odysseus to sleep with another woman, while Penelope is represented as morally dubious for allowing the suitors to remain in the house. It is only Calypso who challenges these gender roles You unrivalled lords of jealously/ scandalized when goddess sleep with mortals (131-32). While Homer portrays these sexist views, he also through Calypsos dialogue brings to attention the double standards of the society and more importantly introduces a naked idea which whitethorn have been viewed as subversive in Greek culture at the time.On the other hand in The Crucible, John Proctor as the plays tragic hero is honest, upright and blunt spoken, Proctor is a sober man however his fatal flaw is his lust for Abigail Williams which leads to their affair. Proctor is very self-critical and this in a way reflects how his moral code is a growth of the society in which he exists But I pass on cut my hand off before Ill ever rea ch for you again. once the trials begin, Proctor realizes that he can stop Abigails rampage through Salem but only if he confesses to this adultery.This highlights how the hero must face a series of trials and tribulations in order to be redeemed, in Proctors case these are more physiological battles whereas Odysseus faces more physical challenges. This illustrates the way in which the various contexts result in the formation of varying heros reflecting the values of that particular society. Finally, Arthur Miller once said Nobody wants to be a hero but in every man there is something he cannot give up and still remain himself If he gives that up, he becomes a different man, not himself It is Proctors self-critical nature which distinguishes him because he does not set out to be a hero.Normally he would not be considered a saintly individual, and he has not great eagerness to be a martyr callable to his underlying guilt at his infidelity, which in turn he projects on Elizabeth I do not judge you. The magistrate sits in your heart that decide you. Nevertheless when put to the final test, the meaning here of crucible, he will go to his death rather than irrevocably compromise his integrity.Through his mold of Proctor as the tragic hero Miller creates a new post-modern ideology of the hero in which the hero is not extraordinary physically or mentally but rather what is heroic is the individual who stands by his personal principals, he does not set out to be the hero but rather the situation merely reveals the hero within. This notion explores the concerns of 1950 America in which the heros were not theMcCarthyists as it might seem on outbound examination but rather those who only through their personal actions transpired to be essentially heroic. In conclusion, The Odyssey and The Crucible through the representation of the hero in text foreground the concerns of their times. The texts have revealed to me that what constitutes the hero varying according to context and setting and can help us gain further sharpness into the concerns of the society in question. Essentially the characteristics, which form the hero, are fluid prevail over to the values and culture of the times.