Examining Benefits of Free International Trade

Examining Benefits of isolated Inter topic TradeNaveen Prabhu Kamalasekaran2 (a) Explain why salve supranational switch over flock be good for countries economies and examine the attempts to reduce make do barriers in the past decadeTo start with, let us keep what external trade is all ab start then we will flesh out how this could be good for economies and what argon the attempts that were do in the outlast decade to bring down those trade barriers.Free trade is obtain of goods or operate between devil countries without any restrictions like tariff, duties or quotas. There be ii theories related to bump trade and the first off of that kind was by Adam smith who postulated that trade between two nations happens on lordly vantage . Law of absolute favour states that when one(a) nation is more efficient than the another(prenominal) trading nation in producing commodity one save less efficient in producing commodity two, then both nation should specialize on the product that gives them absolute advantage and export that to their trading firearmner (Salvatore 2004). However, it doesnt racylight on the opportunity address that it incurs in taking absolute advantage.Later, Comparative advantage on opportunity cost theory was proposed by Gottfried Haberler which states that a ground has comparative advantage over the other in production of goods if it stop produce at lower opportunity cost (Sloman 2007). The law can be better explained with the beneath table.Hours to make one unit opportunity CostEUCars306 TVsTVs51/6 machineUKCars6010 TVsTVs61/10 car showtime Begg and harbor (2009)The above tabe clearly shows that the UK has comparative advantage over EU in TV as it has got 1/10 th of car as oppurtunity cost comp ard to 1/6th in EU . Similarly, EU has advantage over UK in Cars and its oppurtunity cost is 6 TVs comparted to 10 TVs in UK. As EU is ready to trade above 6 TVs and UK ready to buy anything less than 10 TV then thither should be an equlibrium for international impairments for car (Begg and Ward 2009).Graph 1 origination Begg and Ward (2009) creative activity(prenominal) trade is propelled by comparative advantage but what is the source behind that? Differences in climate, geography and natural resources, oddment in factor endowment and difference in technology are the a few(prenominal) sources behind that (Krugman and Wells 2005). The key advantages of free trade are explained belowDecrease in cost Specializing in an patience military services to gain the economies of descale which results in comparative cost benefit. For example, Boeing is able to produce aircrafts more in effect and cheaply because it could sell large portion of it to other countries. The importing countries bring on benefited as they could get the product cheaply than it was produced domestically.Increase in ambition As a result of trade, imported goods enter the market which triggers emulation against domestic players and i t increases efficiency and innovation of home products. Consumers on the other give get benefited by the variety of products available to them.Trade as locomotive of change stateth When the exports have broad(prenominal) income elasticity of demand, it provides economic stimulus to export country. For example, most turn outed countries experienced huge produce and trade has been the locomotive engine for this. India which has achieved which experienced growth from 38% in 1995 to 52% in 2005 (Department of severalize n.d).Trade raises income Reduction in trade barriers results in increase in incomes, both personal and national. recently economists estimated that cutting trade barriers in husbandry, services and manufacturing by 1/3rd would boost world economy by $613 billion (WTO n.d, a) .Non-economic advantage Trade helps to resolve disputes and promotes peace. Trade war of 1930 which resulted in high trade barriers to hold dear domestic economy leads to Great natural d epression and played a role in World War 2 (WTO n.d, b).In hunting lodge to embrace the benefits of free international trade, world countries decided to drop their trade barriers like custom duties, quotas, subsidies on local products, etc.,. The climax of free trade materialized post Second World War and in the year 1947, 23 countries together formed General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) which was later replaced by WTO (World Trade Organization) on 1955 with 159 members till date. following WTO numerous trade blocs were formed based on regional groupings and they are NAFTA, APEC, EU and G20.Following paragraphs will detail about the isobilateral, regional and multilateral trade attempts thin-skinnede to reduce the trade barriers.Multilateral trade agreements are made between many countries at a equivalent time. Example of that is DDA (Doha growth Agenda). It is the latest round of trade negation with the WTO members. It was officially launched in November, 2011 with a n objective of achieving study reforms on global trades by reduction in trade barriers and rewrite trade rules (WTO, n.d c). The talks were primarily centered on opening of outlandish markets as trade barriers for agricultural products are higher(prenominal) than other products. growing countries apply high tariffs to protect their local farmers. After numerous rounds of talk, DDA collapsed on July 2008 as developed countries failed to agree the developing countries access to each other market (BBC 2011).Bilateral trade enables exchange of goods and services between two countries and enables preference of tariff and quota free trading. An example for that is, in November 2007, Japan signs bilateral trade agreement with ASEAN (The Association of South East) which was totaled more than one hundred sixty billion a year. It was said, trade barriers will be removed deep down 10 years for six richest members of ASEAN and up to 18 years for 4 poorest countries. This arrangement e xcludes export of agricultural products like beef, rice and other dairy farm products to Japan due to powerful farm lobby (Burton 2011).Worlds largest free trade agreement which is yet to materialize between US and EU, started 12 years back. Issue here is the farm trade, as EU confabs high sanitary barriers to the Statesn beef exporters and banned hormone-fuelled beef and pork. In response, US banned EU beef on the ground of mad cow disease scare a decade ago. Many channeles on both the sides of Atlantic are looking forward for the success of this pact to reduce the tariff and to smooth the regulatory regimes (Chaffin and Politi 2013).2 (b). What negative effect might free international trade have upon countries economies, and why countries lease protectionist policies?Countries exhibit protectionist measures though there are advantages in the international free trade. The arguments behind restriction of trade are as follow to protect infant industries, to reduce dependency on goods with little possible, to protect pains of national interest, to prevent fling of imported goods, international cartels, to eliminate monopolise of foreign products, to avoid global fluctuations , to prevent harmful imports , to safeguard surround (Sloman 2007 , Begg and Ward 2009). As part of trade protection, countries raise barriers by imposing tariff, quotas, subsidies and embargoes to name a few .The brief descriptions of all the above mentioned arguments against international trade are explained in the following paragraphs with suitable examples.Infant-industry argument If a country feels for any particular product it produces has potential competitive advantage but its still at the initial stage of developing, it tries to protect that by trade barriers. Protection from foreign competition will help these companies to grow and to become efficient (Salvatore 2004). An example to support this argument would be, gold coast which has immense natural wealth but suffers from poverty and unemployment due to lick of international policies and lack of protection for its infant industries. It was highlighted that lot of developed countries prior had higher tariffs to protect their infant industries which made them grow stronger (Spy Ghana 2013).Reduce dependency of material with less dynamic potential Developing countries largely export raw materials and food stuff which are primaries and experience inelastic price changes. It leads to slow growth and it doesnt need growth as promised by international trading. Outcome of this would be they are handicapped from exploiting the advantage of manufacturing the product out of those raw materials and exporting it which has higher price elastic demand (Sloman 2007). European countries try to deprive Nigeria to develop value addition sector of Cocoa by imposing high import taxes on products of cocoa whereas raw cocoa are support at zero import duties (This Day vital 2013).Protecting industries of nationa l interests A country might support one particular industry as it feels that to be very important for its economy and it doesnt insufficiency to be dependent on any other country for the same at the later stages. Government patronages those industries by providing incentives and make them efficient (Begg and Ward 2009). Example Japan patronages its agriculture industries from trading though it was pressurized by America to drop off the tariff on its agricultural products as part of Trans-Pacific-Partnership (TPP) agreement which Japan about to sign. Currently Japan imposes 800% tariff on imported rice and the agriculture industry receives the state patronage of 1.1 % of gross domestic product (Harner 2011).Dumping of Goods Dumping is the export of commodities at very low cost compared to its cost domestically. It results in driving out the foreign producers out of business abroad and establishes monopoly power. There are two types of dumping and they are wolfish dumping in which p rices are lowered in abroad for a improvised period until it drives out the competitors and achieves monopoly. The other type is called Sporadic dumping in which sale is occasional to unload the unforeseen or temporary surplus. Normally countries counter-attack this practice by imposing antidumping duties to offset the price difference (Salvatore 2004). Recently, Vietnam imposed antidumping duty of 14.38 % on one of the Malaysian cold-rolled stainless brand name coils exporter following the POSCO VSTs claim of reducing their domestic business (FMT 2014).International Cartels They are the group of providers of a product who are located in different countries and agreed to restrict take and export of commodities in order to increase their total profits. Practicing these cartels is illegal domestically in most of the countries (Salvatore 2004). Recently 21 Japanese auto suppliers caught in a price-fixing and bid-rigging scandal as they conspired to fix prices of instrument panel cl usters sold to US from April 2008 to February 2010. These companies involved in this scandal were charged with ransom of $4.56 million to consumers and executives of those firms were sentenced to prison ranging from 14 to 19 months (Shepardson 2014).Monopoly of imported goods Tough competition by imported goods drives domestic players out of the market and gives monopoly. This results in increase in prices resulted due to misallocation of resources. Governments try to protect country from such occurrences by adoption of strategic trade constitution by which it provides comparative advantage through trade protection, subsidies and political science-industry programs in the high technology fields or industries that are crucial for future success. determinate example for the strategic trade policy would be, Japans semi-conductor uncovering in mid-1980s which was earlier dominated by US in the 1970s. Japans ministry of trade and industry targeted this industry, financed in research an d development and fostered political sympathies-company cooperation to protect it from foreign completion (Salvatore 2004).In-line with the above arguments on protectionism, tariff, quotas and subsidies are methods for government to collect revenues, protect jobs in the domestic market and to increase production. Of the triplet methods, tariff is the most important type of trade restriction. Its generally expressed as fixed percentage of value of the traded commodities and called as ad valorem tariff. Find below graph that details the impact of tariff on imported goods and producer, consumer surpluses.Graph 2Source Economicsonline n.dTable2Without any trading, price and bar of a product were P and Q. If country opens up its market, the global price of the product will be at P1 which is lower than the equilibrium and the output increases from Q to Q2. This increases the consumer surplus and decreases the domestic supplier surplus. Government imposition of tariff lifts the world su pply diverge to shift upwards at a smart price of P2. The import fall between Q3 to Q4 and domestic supply increases from Q1 to Q4. This insure results in fall of consumer surplus and increase in domestic supplier surplus and makes consumers to pay higher price which benefits both the supplier and the government by increased producer surplus and tariff revenue respectively. (Economicsonline n.d)Quotas Its the non-tariff based barrier which restricts the imports quantitatively. Its mainly used to protect agriculture and to stimulate import substitution of manufactured products. An example for quota is , China allows 894,000 slews of cotton imports with a duty of 1% and currently it has increased its slip scale tariff from 14,000 yuan to 15,000 yuan per ton to clear its character reference stockpiled in domestic reserves (Economic Times 2013).Subsidies It is the benefit given by the government to particular industry in the form of cash or tax reduction to make production cheape r for the domestic industry. To fund bonus for an industry, government spreads taxation across the tax payers.Graph 3Source Begg and Ward 2009Table 3Introduction of subsidy pushes the supply curve to the right from UKS1 to UKs2. The price to the consumers remains the same but the import falls from QD to QD1 where the domestic supply increase from QS to QS1. (Begg and Ward 2009)Thus, negative effects of free trade have been discussed with a highlight of different trade barriers that countries impose to save domestic industries from import.ReferencesBBC (2011).World trade talks end in collapse. online open at http//news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/7531099.stm Accessed 7/1/14.Begg, D. Ward, D. (2009).Economics for business. 3rd edition. capital of the United Kingdom McGraw-Hill.Burton, J. (2011). Japan agrees bilateral trade pact with ASEAN.Financial Times.22 November 2006. Online via Proquest Available at http//search.proquest.com/docview/250051960?accountid=17193 Accessed 6/1/14Chaffin, J. Po liti, J. (2013). Cuts both ways. Financial Times. 18 April 2013 online via Proquest Available at http//search.proquest.com/docview/1328470674?accountid=17193 Accessed 13/1/2014.Department of State (n.d).International trade as an engine of growth for development. online Available at http//2001-2009.state.gov/e/eeb/rls/othr/2008/106389.htm Accessed 7/1/14.Economicsonline (2014).Trade protectionism. online Available at http//www.economicsonline.co.uk/Global_economics/Trade_protectionism.html Accessed 7/1/14.FMT Free Malaysia Today (2014). Viets impose anti-dumping steel tariff. 7 January 2014 online Available at http//www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/business/2014/01/07/viets-impose-anti-dumping-steel-tariff/ 7/1/2014.Harner, S. (2011).WTO critique of Japanese agriculture. Forbes. 17 February 2011 online Available at http//www.forbes.com/sites/stephenharner/2011/02/17/wto-criticique-of-japanese-agriculture/ Accessed 6/1/14Salvatore, D. (2004).International economics. eighth Edition. Crawfordsville John Wiley Sons, Inc.Shepardson, D. (2014). Japanese auto supplier agrees to settle price-fixing civil suit. Detroit News. 7 January 2014 online Available at http//www.detroitnews.com/article/20140107/AUTO01/301070060/Japanese-auto-supplier-agrees-settle-price-fixing-civil-suit?odyssey=modnewswelltextFRONTPAGEp Accessed 7/1/14Sloman, J., and Hinde, K. (2007). Economics for Business. 4th Edition. Harlow Pearson Education Limited.Spy Ghana (2013).What gold coast needs now is an economic revolution. 19 December 2013 online . Available at http//www.spyghana.com/what-ghana-needs-now-is-an-economic-revolution/ Accessed 7/1/2014.The Economic Times (2013).China cotton import be to rise under adjusted tariffs. 16 December 2013. online Available at http//economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/international/business/china-cotton-import-costs-to-rise-under-adjusted-tariffs/articleshow/27469107.cms Accessed 13/1/14.This Day Live (2013). The Case for Cocoa Value Addition in Nigeria. 3 kinsfolk 2013 online. Available at http//www.thisdaylive.com/articles/the-case-for-cocoa-value-addition-in-nigeria/157985/ Accessed 6/1/14.WTO (n. d.a).Trade raises Incomes. online Available at http//www.wto.org/ side of meat/thewto_e/whatis_e/10ben_e/10b06_e.htm Accessed 13/1/14.WTO (n. d.b).The system helps to keep the peace. online Available at http//www.wto.org/ side of meat/thewto_e/whatis_e/10ben_e/10b01_e.htm Accessed 13/1/14.WTO (n. d. c). The Doha Round. online Available at http//www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dda_e/dda_e.htm Accessed 7/1/14

Congestive Cardiac Failure (CCF) Case Study

Congestive Cardiac reverse (CCF) Case StudyStudent Name Shinderpal KaurUnit of Competence discerp Health in frame of referenceationAssessment Title Analyse Health development Case Study Mr. WrightQ1- Mr. Wrights access states that he has CCF (congestive cardiac ruin). understandably define CCF. What organs and which body systems be unnatural by this unhealthiness?Heart failure, too kn experience as congestive amount failure (CHF), go throughs when your nervus muscle doesnt pump course as well as it should. Conditions such as narrowed arteries in your sum of money (coronary artery disease) or high crease pressure gradu exclusivelyy leave your heart likewise weak or stiff to fill and pump efficiently. Heart failureis configuration in which thehearthaslosttheabilitytopump f expression to middling storetothebodystissues. The organs and otherwise tissues do not receive enough group O and nutrients to function mightily. The major affected organs atomic number 18 Brain , Kidneys and Lungs.The systems affected by this disorder-The cardiovascular systemUrinary systemdigestive systemRespiratory system head-in-the-clouds organizationQ2- Give a brief overview of the function of the body systems affected by this disorder.Respiratory musical arrangementThe respiratory system brings give vent into the body and removes carbon dioxide. It includes the nose, trachea, and lungs. When you jote in, air enters your nose or mouth and goes down a long tubing called the trachea. The trachea branches into two bronchial tubes, or immemorial bronchi, which go to the lungs. The primary bronchi branch off into up to now slenderer bronchial tubes, or bronchioles. The bronchioles annihilate in the alveoli, or air sacs. Oxygen follows this path and passes through the walls of the air sacs and blood vessels and enters the blood stream. At the same time, carbon dioxide passes into the lungs and is exhaled.Nervous SystemThe nervous system is made up of the promontory , the spinal cord, and nerves. One of the some important systems in your body, the nervous system is your bodys control system. It sends, receives, and processes nerve impulses passim the body. These nerve impulses tell your muscles and organs what to do and how to respond to the environment. There are three parts of your nervous system that work together the commutation nervous system, the peripheral nervous system, and the autonomic nervous system.Thecentral nervous systemconsists of the headway and spinal cord. It sends out nerve impulses and analyzes information from the sense organs, which tell your whiz about things you see, hear, smell, taste and feel.Theperipheral nervous systemincludes the craniospinal nerves that branch off from the brain and the spinal cord. It carries the nerve impulses from the central nervous system to the muscles and glands.Theautonomic nervous systemregulates unconscious action, such as heart beat and digestion.Digestive SystemThe digestive syst em is made up of organs that break down sustenance into protein, vitamins, minerals, carbohyd posts, and fats, which the body needs for energy, growth, and repair. After pabulum is chewed and swallowed, it goes down the esophagus and enters the stomach, where it is get on broken down by powerful stomach acids. From the stomach the food travels into the small intestine. This is where your food is broken down into nutrients that basin enter the blood stream through tiny hair-like projections. The excess food that the body doesnt need or seatt digest is turned into thieve and is forefendd from the body.The circulatory systemIt is the bodys transport system. It is made up of a group of organs that transport blood throughout the body. The heart pumps the blood and thearteriesandveinstransport it. Oxygen-rich blood leaves the left side of the heart and enters the biggest artery, called theaorta. The aorta branches into smaller arteries which then branch into even smaller vessels that travel all over the body. When blood enters the smallest blood vessels, which are calledcapillaries, and are found in body tissue, it gives nutrients and oxygen to the cells and takes in carbon dioxide, water, and waste. The blood, which no longer contains oxygen and nutrients, then goes back to the heart through veins. Veins carry waste products onward from cells and bring blood back to the heart, which pumps it to the lungs to pick up oxygen and consume waste carbon dioxide.Urinary SystemThe urinary system eliminates waste from the body, in the form of urine. The kidneys remove waste from the blood. The waste combines with water to form urine. From the kidneys, urine travels down two thin tubes called ureters to the bladder. When the bladder is full, urine is fulfill through the urethra.Q3- Define the signs and symptoms of CCF, and explain why these signs and symptoms occur. affix heart rate- The heart beats faster to make up for the loss in pumping functionTiredness, fati gue-Heart whoremastert pump enough blood to meet needs of bodys tissuesOedema- abated blood break away out of the weak heartBlood returning to the heart from the veins backs up causing fluid to build up in tissues omit of propensity-The digestive system receives less blood causing problems with digestionMuscle impuissance- overdue to lean blood supply and oxygen to the muscles.Chronic cough or wheezing-due to the fluid in the lungs and the lungs need to work harder.Swelling in ankles, feet, hands or abdomen-due to the veins filling up with excess fluid. sloppiness-Changing levels of substances in the blood ( sodium) can cause confusionweight learn -because of fluid in the body and kidneys are not working properlySleep apnoea.The inability to breathe properly at wickedness results in low blood oxygen levels and additiond risk of ab convening heart rhythms.Shortness of breath Blood backs up in the pulmonary veins because the heart cant keep up with the supply an fluid leaks int o the lungsLung congestion-The lungs whitethorn become congested with fluid (pulmonary oedema)Nausea and vomiting-as peristalsis slows and bile and fluid back up in the stomach infarct- may be cause of decreased cardiac outputDecreased urine output- kidneys are not working properly because not getting enough blood for filtrationSkin pale or cyanotic -Because of insufficient oxygen in the bloodHeart enlargement-Heart pumps the blood with to a greater extent force than usual, which puts the strain on the heart muscles and the heart muscles become enlarged.Increased urination at night-When you lie down at night time, the fluid that is build up in your legs can move up into your bloodstream and is taken to your kidneys to be eliminated as waste urine.Cool extremities-because of woeful circulation in the body and heart is trying to send more blood to the major organs of the body such as brain.Orthopnea-In general, brusqueness of breath is a common symptom of congestiveheart failure. Th is is because increased fluid in thelungs can interfere with the exchange of oxygen, resulting in not enough oxygen stint the tissues, this is most typically noticed during exercise, but it can also occur when a someone is lying down.Exercise intolerance-A person may be ineffectual to tolerate exercise or even mild physical exertion that he or she may grow been able to do originally. The body needs oxygen and other nutrients during physical activity. A failing heart cannot pump enough blood to house these nutrients to the body.The ability to exercise, or even to walk at a normal pace, may be limited by tactile sensation tired and having shortness of breath.Q4- List the information taken on his admission that demonstrates these signs and symptoms.Temperature-35.8CPulse 124 public discussion 32Hypotension 90/40Cyanosis lack of oxygenSaO2 87% on room airDyspnoeaConfusionAge (77)Constipation difference of appetiteSmokingQ5- Do you say his diabetes is related to his leg ulc eration and amputated left toe? ExplainPeople with diabetes are prone to having root word problems, often because of two complications of diabetes nerve damage (neuropathy) and poor circulation. Neuropathy causes loss of belief in your leg, taking away your ability to feel ail and discomfort, so you may not detect an injury or irritation. Poor circulation in your feet reduces your ability to heal, making it hard for even a tiny shock to resist infection. Tissue in the leg will die due to lack of oxygen and nutrients, which leads to infection and gangrene.Q6-One of the medicaments he is taking is furosemide. What is the action of Lasix? Which body systems are affected by it? Explain why you think Mr Wright is ordered Lasix. (Your answer need only be brief.)Lasix is also known as Furosemide. It is a potent diuretic (water pill) that is used to eliminate water and salt from the body. In the kidneys, salt (composed of sodium and chloride), water, and other small molecules normally a re filtered out of the blood and into the tubules of the kidney. The filtered fluid ultimately becomes urine. to the highest degree of the sodium, chloride and water that are filtered out of the blood are reabsorbed into the blood before the filtered fluid becomes urine and is eliminated from the body. Furosemide works by blocking the submerging of sodium, chloride, and water from the filtered fluid in the kidney tubules, causing a profound increase in the output of urine (diuresis).Mr. Wright is ordered Lasix because of oedema.The body systems are affected by it-Urinary systemDigestive systemNervous systemCardiovascular systemRespiratory systemIntegumentary systemSpecial sensesQ7-List three conditions in Mr. Wrights relevant medical storey that are commonly associated with ageing.Arthritis Osteoarthritis (OA), at one time called degenerative joint disease, is the most common type of arthritis in older populate. Symptoms can range from stiffness and mild pain that comes and goes to severe joint pain and even disability.Glaucoma Glaucoma is a term describing a group of ocular disorders with multi-factorial etiology united by a clinically characteristic intraocular pressure-associated optic neuropathy. Also, flock over the age of 60 years have a high risk of developing the glaucoma disease.Diabetes type 2 Diabetes mellitus type 2 (formerly noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) or adult-onset diabetes) is a metabolic disorder that is characterized by high blood glucose in the context of insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiencyQ8- Using Mr. Wrights admission history and estimate, lists the factors that may impact on his safety whilst in infirmary and when he returns home base.Mobility.Diabetes type 2 increase the risk of falls when Mr. Wright returns home as people with type 2 diabetes mellitus may rarely bring in with nonketotic hyperosmolar coma (a condition of very high blood sugar associated with a decreased level of consciousness a nd low blood pressure).Asthma Mr. Wright may feel very difficult to breathe when he returns home as asthma symptoms includes shortness of breath and struggling to breathe.Arthritis arthritis can decrease Mr. Wright mobility and increase the risk of falls when he returns home. It is because the symptoms of arthritis are pain, stiffness and inflammation (heat and swelling) in the joints.Hypotension abnormally low blood pressureDecreased appetite Lack of appetiteis the feeling that you are not hungry. When he returns home may be he wouldnt eat much because he is not feeling hungry, it can effect on his health.Vision impairment risk for falls, unable to read medication labels properlyLow SaO2 lack of oxygen can make him dizziness.Mental Confusion Unable to understand that how and when to take the medicine.Q9-What other health professionals will be involved in his care and what serve can they domiciliate for Mr. Wright.Dietician Dieticians are professionals with qualification and ski ll to nominate expert nutrition and dietary advice. So Dietician can provide information and dietary needs for his diabetes.Support workers They are supporting people to complete everyday tasks that they are unable to complete on their own due to illness, disability.Psychiatrists-A psychiatrist who specialized in the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of psychic health and emotional problems. So psychiatrist can help Mr.wright to decrease his anxiety level.Local GP is amedical practitionerwho treatsacuteandchronic illnessesand providespreventive careandhealth educationto patients. He can assist with medication refills and refer to specialist if needed.Physiotherapist help with some exercises that can modify his mobility.Q10-List the nursing documentation you would be expect to be used in the care of Mr Wright.Fluid Intake and output mapPain assessment chartWound chartMobility assessment chartBowel chartObservation chartFood chartAdmission formsAllergy tags weight down chartM edication chartProgress notesNursing notesCare meanReferences-http//www.factmonster.com/ipka/A0774536.htmlhttp//www.foothealthfacts.org/footankleinfo/diabetic-amputations.htmhttp//www.medicinenet.com/furosemide/article.htmhttp//www.netdoctor.co.uk/heart-and-blood/medicines/lasix.htmlhttp//www.abc.net.au/health/consumerguides/stories/2005/10/15/1836929.htm http//www.rightdiagnosis.com/h/heart_failure/intro.htmhttp//www.emedicinehealth.com/congestive_heart_failure/page4_em.htmShinderpal KaurID-000208825Page 1

Similarities Between Iranian And Malaysian Culture Religion Essay

Similarities Between Persian And Malayan Culture Religion EssayIn this document some(a) similarities mingled with Iranian and Malaysian culture call for been illust set upd. Since some(prenominal) Iran and Malaysia atomic number 18 Muslim countries, there argon many similarities between Iranian and Malaysian culture.For lawsuit I start with the Malaysian and Iranian universities. All of the universities in Iran atomic number 18 Moslem universities season there ar a some n sensation Islamic universities in Malaysia. there is a mosque in all Iranian universities which is located at the center of the university. Recently Iranian Islamic g all overning body has decided to separate males and females in the universities in which some universities only evidence males and otherwise universities only register females. I dont think separating males and females in the university be a good idea because in this situation boys and girls wont be able to see each other and choose t heir future associate but in Malaysian universities boys and girls switch the opportunity to make fighter to each other and select their future helper.There argon 3 different type of mosques in Malaysia namely Vernacular Mosques, Colonial Mosques, raw Mosques. The third model is very similar to Iranian mosques and the undermenti iodind is a brief description of Modern Mosques in Malaysia legion(predicate) local architects were snarly in the design of new mosques in Malaysia since independence. The architectural styles of the fresh mosques require changed gradually in parallel with the development in structural advances, turn methods, contemporary designs of mosques as well as increased local interests toward Islamic architecture. With the advent of science and technology, juvenile mosques argon constructed in a big scale to accommodate the increasing number of Friday congregations. Concrete, bricks, steel, stone and marble argon commonly used in the construction of mo dern mosques. Onion-shaped or top-shaped domes, in aggrandizement(predicate) min atomic number 18ts and high ceilings argon common features put up in the modern mosques. The modern mosques usually incorporate well-designed landscape elements including political programts, water features, patterned pavements, garden lightings and signages.The Putra Mosque in the early morningThe architectural styles of the modern mosque rear end be categorise into devil categories. The offset printing category is the modern styles which emphasise the advancement in building technology and engineering. For shell, the National Mosque in Kuala Lumpur has a minaret of 245 feet in height and an umbrella-like roof. The mosque was constructed of reinforced concrete faced with Italian marble. Its main prayer manse can accommodate more than 3,000 people for prayer at one time whilst its surrounding galleries, topped with numerous small domes, can tolerate an additional of 5,000 people. The mosque withal has a number of rooms used for versatile functions such(prenominal) as a library, offices, imperial guest rooms, Imams room and instal rooms.The second category of modern mosque is the Islamic influences which incorporate the styles of many mosques found in Islamic countries including Turkey, the Middle East and Northern Africa. For instance, the design and colouration of the Sultan Abdul Aziz Mosque in Shah Alam, Selangor was reflective of the infamous Ottoman mosque in Istanbul, Turkey. The mosque has quad high minarets at the four corners of the building surrounded by tailored landscape. Another manakin is the white-colour Ibai Mosque at Kuala Terengganu which was built on water and its architecture bears a resemblance to the Northern African mosque. Examples of modern mosques with modern structures are Sultan Ahmad I Mosque, Kuantan, Pahang (1964), National Mosque, Kuala Lumpur (1965), State Mosque, Seremban, Negeri Sembilan (1967), State Mosque, Kangar, Perlis (19 72), Sultan Idris Shah II Mosque, Ipoh, Perak (1978), State Mosque, Penang (1980) and KLCC Mosque, Kuala Lumpur (1998). Examples of modern mosques with Islamic influence are Al-Malik Khalid Mosque, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang (1975), Sultan Abdul Aziz Mosque, Shah Alam, Selangor (1989) and Ibai Mosque of Kampung Cendering, Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu (1994).2-2 IranFrom Cordoba to Delhi, from Sarajevo to the Niger, the mosque (masjid in Persian and Arabic) or house of prayer is the spectacular symbol of Islam, the condense of worship, and contemplation, the meeting place of man with man, and of man with God. Its forms are more wide-ranging and its uses more widespread than those of the Christian cathedral or church. While earlier a place of worship, it is also an assembly hall, lots a phantasmal college, sometimes a court of .justice, even, to some extent, a poor mans club.The absolute majority of Iranian mosques conform, in whole or in part, to a plan that in Iran mold iness be regarded as the norm. It consists of a an open primordial court, sometimes large enough to be planted with trees or flowers, with a large portal or ivan, on the side facing towards Mecca, which leads into a domed sanctuary.On the other three sides of the court there are arcades and altars and in the center of each side another, though smaller, ivan. To the left and mature of the sanctuary there may be arcaded halls, and in addition balconies (often reticent for the use of women worshippers) from which a view of the mihrab can be obtained. In the grander mosques the southerly ivan, leading into the sanctuary, and sometimes also the north ivan, which is ofttimes the main enchant to the mosque.MinaretsThe earliest minarets were square, at least in their lower stories, but few of these survive in Iran today. The round minaret originated in north-east Iran and was built of brick, constrictive towards the summit. Until at least the thirteenth century, minarets were al nea r invariably single and move in the north comer of the mosque. Since the fifteenth century minarets arrive principally been covered with mosaic or colored tiles, in the taste of the period. In general, Iran, compared with, say, Turkey is pronouncedly deficient in minarets. Only at Esfahan do they occupy a prominent place in the landscape.ShrinesNearly all(prenominal) t aver in Iran has its quota of shrines, and the village or wayside shrines are a recurring feature of the Iranian landscape. In general they are modest, circular, quadrilateral or octagonal buildings, surmounted by a cone or dome. many an(prenominal) have charm but no great architectural merit the famous shrines, rambling structures which have received additions from generations of the devout, are among the most splendid, and in some cases the most opulent, buildings in Iran. The lesser shrines, unlike the mosques, have a distinct re2jonal character.TombsSecular tombs fall into two clearly marked architectural ca tegories -the domed mausoleum and the tomb tower. The former has certain affinities with the larger shrine. It is frequently octagonal rising through squinches and galleries into a circular dome. It is built for show, privileged and out. meant to be visited. the last resting place of a chieftain who may have had no claim to sainthood, but expected to be duly hero-worship when he was dead. Tomb towers, which are mainly jailed to northern Iran. were conceived in a different spirit. They were gaunt, remote, solitary resting places, not meant to be frequented by admirers in generations to come.PalacesThere are substantial remains of Achaemenian and Sassanian palaces, impressive both in size and in detail, some of which, as at Persepolis, have been closely miraculously preserved but when all is said they are ruins. Of Seljuk and Mongol royal residences, however, all trace has disappeared. It is only from Safavid times that royal houses have survived intact, and even so the crop is d isappointing. For practical purposes, Safavid palaces are confined to Esfahan.Bridges More essential for the maintenance of communications than caravansaries, the building of bridges, which where both sturdy and a pleasure to the eye, continued until recently.Well-constructed hump-backed bridges of ancient dates are to be found in many parts of the country -the outstanding examples of which you give see at Esfahan the Allah Verdi Khan (1629) and the Khaju (1660). These two mighty structures are among the most impressive monuments in Esfahan, and are two of the most queer bridges in the world, of their housed, and still in service.MARRIAGE, FAMILY, AND KINSHIP3-1 MalaysiaSince both Iran and Malaysia are Muslim countries, coupling in both countries are influence by Islam therefore there are many similarities between these two countries. The following shows the marriage in the Malaysian style and then marriage in the Iranian style will be illustrated after that.Marriage. even out with solid changes in marriage practices, get hitched withs reveal the sharp differences in Malaysian society. There are two ways to marry registering the union with the government and connector in marriage before a religious authority. Christian Malaysians may marry Buddhists or Hindus answering only to their families and beliefs Muslim Malaysians who marry non-Muslims chance government sanction unless their partner converts to Islam. Marriage practices emphasize Malaysias separate cultural customs. Indians and Chinese undertake divination rites in search of compatibility and auspicious dates, while Malays have elaborate gift exchanges. Malay wedding feasts are often held in the home, and feature a large banquet with several dishes eaten over rice prepared in oil (to say one is breathing out to eat oiled rice means that a wedding is imminent). Many Chinese weddings feature a multiple-course meal in a eating house or public hall, and most Indian ceremonies include intricate r ituals. Since get hitched with partners join families as well as individuals, the meeting between potential in-laws is crucial to the success of the union. For most Malaysians marriage is a crucial blackguard toward adulthood. Although the average age for marriage continues to increase, being single into ones thirties generates appertain for families and individuals alike. The social importance of the institution makes interethnic marriage an issue of considerable stress. domesticated Unit. Malaysian dwellings have undergone a tremendous transformation following the changes in the economy. The shift from agricultural commodities to industrial production has made it delicate for wide families to pop off together. Yet as family mobility expands, as a result of modern schedules, efforts to maintain kin ties also increase. Improved telecommunications keep distant kin in contact, as does the efficient transportation network. A dramatic example of this occurs on the major holidays when millions return to homet births for kin reunions.Inheritance. The critical issue of hereditary pattern is land. With the importance Malays place on land ownership, it is rarely viewed as a commodity for sale, and the numerous empty houses that dot the Malaysian landscape are testament to their absentee-owners unwillingness to sell. Gold is also a valuable heritage Malaysians from all groups readily turn extra cash into gold as a form of insurance for the future.Kin Groups. The crucial kin distinctions in Malaysian culture are between ethnic groups, which tend to doctor intermarriage. Among the majority of Malays, kin groups are more horizontal than vertical, meaning that siblings are more all-important(prenominal) than ancestors. Those considered Malay make appropriate marriage partners non-Malays do not. These distinctions are somewhat flexible, however, and those that embrace Islam and follow Malay customs are admitted as potential Malay marriage partners. Greater flexibi lity in kinship practices also appears among immigrant groups amid the fresh possibilities created by diasporic life. A striking example is the Baba community, Chinese who immigrated prior to British rule and intermarried with locals, developing their own intercrossed language and cultural style. These dynamics point to the varied kinship arrangements mathematical between the different ethnic communities in Malaysian society.3-2 IranMarriage. In Iran women turn back marriages for their children, and much intrigue in domestic life revolves around married matters. A gravel is typically on the lookout for good marriage prospects at all times. Even if a mother is diffident about marriage brokering, she is obliged to clear the path for a marriage marriage final cause. She does this by letting her counterpart in the other family get that a proposal is forthcoming, or would be welcome. She then must confer with her husband, who makes the formal proposal in a social meeting between t he two families. This soft of background work is essential, because once the children are married, the two families virtually merge, and have extensive rights and obligations vis--vis each other that are close to a inviolable duty. It is therefore extremely important that the families be certain that they are congenial before the marriage takes place.Marriage within the family is a common strategy, and a youthful man of marriageable age has an absolute right of first refusal for his fathers brothers daughter-his patrilateral parallel cousin. The advantages for the families in this kind of marriage are great. They already know each other and are tied into the kindred social networks. Moreover, such a marriage serves to consolidate wealth from the grandparents generation for the family. Matrilateral cross-cousin marriages are also common, and exceed parallel-cousin marriages in urban areas, due perhaps to the wifes stronger influence in family affairs in cities.Although inbreedin g would seem to be a potential problem, the historic preference for marriage within the family continues, waning somewhat in urban settings where other considerations such as profession and education play a role in the choice of a spouse. In 1968, 25 portion of urban marriages, 31 percent of folksy marriages, and 51 percent of tribal marriages were reported as endogamous. These percentages appear to have increased somewhat following the Revolution.In Iran today a love match with someone outside of the family is clearly not at all impossible, but even in such cases, except in the most westernized families, the family visitation and negotiation must be observed. Traditional marriages involve a formal contract worn up by a cleric. In the contract a series of salarys are specified. The bride brings a dowry to the marriage usually consisting of household goods and her own clothing. A specified amount is written into the contract as payment for the woman in the event of divorce. The w ife after marriage belongs to her husbands household and may have difficulty visiting her relatives if her husband does not approve. Nevertheless, she retains her own name, and may hold property in her own right, separate from her husband.The wedding celebration is held after the signing of the contract. It is really a prelude to the execution of the marriage, which takes place typically at the end of the evening, or, in rural areas, at the end of several days celebration. In many areas of Iran it is still important that the bride be virginal, and the bedsheets are carefully inspected to ensure this. A wise mother gives her daughter a vial of chicken blood just in case. The new couple may live with their relatives for a time until they can set up their own household. This is more common in rural than in urban areas.Iran is an Islamic nation, and polygyny is allowed. It is not widely practiced, however, because Iranian officials in this century have followed the Islamic prescription that a man fetching two wives must treat them with absolute equality. Women in polygynous marriages hold their husbands to this and will seek legal relief if they feel they are disadvantaged. Statistics are difficult to ascertain, but one recent study claims that only 1 percent of all marriages are polygynous.Divorce is less common in Iran than in the West. Families prefer to stay together even under difficult circumstances, since it is extremely difficult to disentangle the close network of interrelationships between the two extended families of the marriage pair. One recent study claims that the divorce rate is 10 percent in Iran. For Iranians moving to the United States the rate is 66 percent, suggesting that cultural forces tend to keep couples from separating.Children of a marriage belong to the father. after(prenominal) a divorce, men assume custody of boys over three age and girls over seven. Women have been known to renounce their divorce payment in exchange for custody of their children. There is no impediment to remarriage with another partner for either men or women.Domestic Unit. In traditional Iranian rural society the dinner cloth often defines the minimal family. Many branches of an extended family may live in rooms in the same compound. However, they may not all eat together on a daily basis. Sons and their wives and children are often working for their parents in anticipation of a birthright in the form of land or animals. When they receive this, they will leave and form their own separate household. In the meantime they live in their parents compound, but have separate eating and sleeping arrangements. Even after they leave their parents home, members of extended families have widespread rights to hospitality in the homes of even their most distant relations. Indeed, family members generally carry out most of their socializing with each other.Inheritance. Inheritance generally follows rules prescribed by Islamic law. Male children inherit full shares of their fathers estate, wives and daughters half-shares. An individual may make a religious bequest of specific goods or property that are then administered by the ministry of waqfs.Kin Groups. The patriarch is the oldest male of the family. He demands respect from other family members and often has a strong role in the future of young relatives. In particular it is common for members of an extended family to spread themselves out in terms of professions and influence. Some will go into government, others into the military, perhaps others join the clergy, and some may even become anti-government oppositionists. Families will attempt to marry their children into strong families as much for their own sake as for the son or daughter. The general aim for the family is to extend its influence into as many spheres as possible. As younger members mature, older members of the family are expected to help them with jobs, introductions, and fiscal support. This is not considered corrupt or nepotistic, but is seen rather as one of the benefits of family membership.

Novelty Preferences in Infants: Effects on Infant Cognition

Novelty Preferences in Infants Effects on Infant loreDiscuss the system of familiarisation/ gaud mouthful and consider its contribution to psychologists appreciation of babe cognition.One of the keystones in an sisters development is the faculty to group similar items and experiences together. This, on the surface, may overtakem a subaltern skill but it get ups the grounding for much of the babys cognitive development in the offset printing months of life. Once similar things ar place into groups, structure and order arsehole form around them. This lick is referred to as categorisation. In point, the development of the process itself provides a useful brainstorm into the developmental progression of an infant much generally. One of the major tools psychologists energize used to study this phenomenon is that of the familiarisation/ variation preference techniqueFantz (1963) noted that infants showed a strong tendency to pay attention to refreshing designs, comp atomic number 18d with those they had antecedently encountered. If an infant is presented with an object for an extended period of quantify, that infant will gradually cast down the attention it bestows upon the object. The baby will begin to look away, until eventually it no longer pays the object attention at all. This process is known as familiarisation (or habituation). Subsequently, if the infant is presented with the compar adequate to(p) object as before, alongside a new object (with which the infant has had no previous experience), thusly immensely to a greater extent attention will be paid to the saucy item. This is called novelty preference. Presumably this pairing of phenomena (familiarisation and novelty preference) comes about from a biological tendency (genetically hard-wired) which ensures an infant experiences as much of its environment as potential, in order to learn at an optimum rate.Psychologists have stimulated a lab-based adaptation of the familiarisa tion/novelty preference phenomenon in order to examine its effect on the cognitive development of infants. The technique has two stages In stage 1 an infant is shown a bod of different objects belonging to the analogous menage (e.g. Siamese cat, Persian cat, Tabby cat). In the second stage the infant is presented with a pair of novel stimuli. One of the stimuli belongs to the stratum the baby has incisively encountered (e.g. Manx cat), the other belongs to an only when new phratry (e.g. Labrador dog). The infant is indeed graded on the preference they pay to each stimulus. The infant unremarkably shows a greater preference for the stimulus from the novel category. This is because they have organize a representation of the familiar exposed category (i.e. cats) which became habituated, so more(prenominal) faces of this category will hold less attention. When a new category is encountered (i.e. dogs) more attention is due to this novel item since it has not been seen before . This process is used to examine umteen aspects of infant development which relate to categorisation, for example how do infants form categories? How be these categories remembered? How are they organised? Also, since categorisation and speech formation are so strongly linked the familiarisation/novelty preference technique is used to understand the development of language in infants.In order to examine this process simply some of the first studies of infant cognition resorted to using very(prenominal) basic stimuli. Younger and Gotlieb (1988, see wantwise Bomba and Siqueland, 1983 Quinn, 1987) used simple dot manakins, known to be effective in examining adult categorisation. Infants were familiarise with six pairs of distort dot figure of speechs, which had been derived from a whiz (un malformed) standard (and hence were considered to belong to the same category). The infants were then shown a address up pair which included the persona of the exposed category, and a prototype of an entirely different dot category. The amount of time the infants spent looking at the novel dot embodiment was recorded. When the prototypes were very simple patterns the infants (aged 3-7 months) spent a significantly larger amount of time observing the novel prototype than the familiar one. This indicated that they had all formed a representation of the dot category, without ever seeing the pattern which defined the category (the prototype). As the prototype patterns became more complex only older infants (5 months and above) showed this significant trend. So, older infants appeared to be correct at forming a prototype from the series of distorted examples, although all showed essay of category formation.Younger and Gotlieb (1988) went on to use this finding to examine how infants in truth store their category representations. They hypothesised two possibilities for category storage 1. all possible exemplars are stored in memory and are available for comparison with new instances (exemplar memory) 2. an average of all observed exemplars is stored as a prototype (prototype memory). Initially it would seem plausible that prototype memory is the more likely as this is the most efficient form of storage and retrieval. Comparing an example with all previous examples would be very time-consuming. Once another(prenominal) cohort of Younger and Gotliebs (1988) infants had been exposed to the distorted dot pattern exemplars (see above) they were then shown the prototype paired with one of the previously seen distorted exemplars. If the infant produced a prototype when it was exposed to the exemplars earlier (by averaging the features of the distorted patterns) then the prototype the infant formed should look much like the actual prototype. In this case the infant should perceive the distorted pattern as less familiar (and thus tended to(p) to for more time) than the prototype. If the infant was in fact just remembering each and every pattern it w as presented with then the distorted exemplar should be more familiar (and attended to less) than the prototype, which was not seen until this point.However, it seems that infants use both of these category storage mechanisms, depending on the accept parameters of the experiment (i.e. if there are a few simple exemplars then it is more efficient to encode each one, when there are many complex exemplars a prototype is more appropriate). More importantly, infants use the same mechanism as adults performing the equivalent test. This not only indicates that infants are able to form prototypes (an essential mechanism for category formation), but are capable of adult-like cognitive tasks from a very early age (ED209, kidskin Development move Team, 2008).Experiments like those described above have been criticised for their leave out of environmental validity. In order to address whether or not infants can actually categorise items that are relevant to their surroundings a number of aut hors have used the familiarisation/novelty preference technique. Quinn, Eimas and Rosenkrantz (1993, see also Eimas and Quinn, 1994 Quinn and Eimas, 1996) gave infants exposure to pictures of domestic cats from different breeds and in different orientations. Subsequently, the infants spent less time viewing novel cat pictures (as they considered them familiar) than pictures of animals from other species (which belonged to novel categories). These experiments show that infant categorisation is reproducible outside of the lab. Moreover, the experiments indicate that infants can produce categories that are both environmentally valid and useful, without the assistance of a vocabulary. versed that similar things go together is the first stepping stone to producing useful monotonic knowledge. The next step than an infant makes is to organise their categories into hierarchical structures. This step brings the tike closer to forming a strong basis for a lexical fabric (i.e. towards spe ech). To illustrate A Siamese cat belongs to the super-ordinate category of cats, which in turn are animals. Construction of this categorical framework is commonly investigated using the familiarisation/novelty preference techniqueBehl-Chadha (1996) set out to discover if infants were truly able to form hierarchical structure. Infants aged between 3 and 4 months were familiarised with a set of twelve photos of chairs (which included sub-ordinate categories like desk chairs and rocking chairs etc.). Following this the infants were shown pictures of novel chairs along with other items of furniture. This infant paid more attention to the novel items than the chair-related items. This standard familiarisation/novelty preference effect showed that the babies had successfully formed the category chair. However, when the infants were familiarised with a set of couch pictures they subsequently hardened new couch pictures as familiar, but pictures of other chair-types were treated as novel, attracting more attention (indicating the babies knew couches were an individual category, whilst at the same time learned that chairs were a category also). This experiment proved that infants are in fact able to nest categorical information into a hierarchical structure, needful for the formation of a vocabulary.Another aspect of categorical grouping that is a pre-requisite of early speech formation is that of spatial relation. This form of categorisation is more lineation than the types summarised above as it cannot rely on perceptual features. Quinn (1994, see also Quinn et al., 2003) showed that infants can categorise abstract spatial relations, grouping objects that are above or at a lower place. If an infant was familiarised with stimuli that were all of the same spatial relation they would subsequently show preference for stimuli in another spatial relation. These kinds of experiment show that infants produce seemingly complicated categorical information without the a p riori powers of speech and vocabulary. Infants therefore have the cognitive baron to form many complex representations of their environment. In fact, many authors believe this forms the basis for communication and language development.Waxman and Markow (1995) suggest that language acquisition is promoted due to the world power it provides the infant in referring to objects. In fact the onset of speech and the alleged(prenominal) vocabulary spurt have both been attributed to categorisation. Gopnik and Meltzoff (1992), for example, note that children who are kick downstairs at categorisation on the familiarisation/novelty preference test are those who also use more words and names for items in their first months of speech production. Goldfield and Reznick (1990), note that half of all early words speak by infants were object names, further strengthening the link between object category and cognitive development, and language in particular. The familiarisation/novelty preference me thod is therefore key in understanding the building-blocks of infant cognition and speech.BibliographyBomba, P. C. and Siqueland, E. R. (1983) The temper and structure of infant form categories, Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, vol. 35, pp. 294328.ED209 Course Team (2008). cognitive and Language Development in Children, Milton Keynes The Open University.Eimas, P. D. and Quinn, P. C. (1994) Studies on the formation of perceptually based basic-level categories in young infants, Child Development, vol. 65, pp. 90317.Fantz, R. L. (1963) recipe vision in newborn infants, Science, vol. 140, pp. 2967.Gopnik, A. and Meltzoff, A. N. (1992) Categorization and naming basic-level sorting in eighteen-month-olds and its relation to language, Child Development, vol. 63, pp. 1091103.Quinn, P. C. (1987) The categorical representation of visual pattern information by young infants, Cognition, vol. 27, pp. 14579.Quinn, P. C. (1994) The categorization of above and below spatial relations by young infants, Child Development, vol. 65, pp. 5869.Quinn, P. C. and Eimas, P. D. (1996) perceptual organization and categorization in young infants, Advances in Infancy Research, vol. 10, pp. 136.Quinn, P. C., Eimas, P. D. and Rosenkrantz, S. L. (1993) Evidence for representations of perceptually similar natural categories by 3-month-old and 4-month-old infants, Perception, vol. 22, pp. 46375.Quinn, P. C., Adams, A., Kennedy, E. et al. (2003) Development of an abstract category representation for the spatial relation between in 6-to 10-month-old infants, developmental Psychology, vol. 39, pp. 15163.Younger, B. A. and Gotlieb, S. (1988) Development of categorization skills changes in the nature or structure of infant form categories?, Developmental Psychology, vol. 24, pp. 61119.Waxman, S. R. and Markow, D. B. (1995) Words as invitations to form categories evidence from 12-to 13-month-old infants, Cognitive Psychology, vol. 29, pp. 257302.

Regional and extra regional players

Regional and extra shareal playersCHAPTER IVTHE regional AND THE EXTRA REGIONAL PLAYERS AND THEIR ROLESBe spatial dealing a common religion, Islam, alien invaders- from Alexander the non bad(p) to British in the 19th century and the Soviets in the 20th century stupefy united the afghans.-Insight Magazine, 09 April 1990.Brief History afghanistan was the only country in the instauration to launch a strong protest in coup guide Nations against the proof of Pakistan in 1947 and besides to lodge a limit dispute with Pakistan when it claimed that Durand annotation is no more a binding contract as at present there is no British Raj present in the region1. It in like manner incited a major(ip) incursion in Bajur Agency, NWFP in 1961 with hope to keep back it annexed with itself and conduct and so Prime Minister Dauod Khan to resign from his post, it plunged Afghaniiistan into a prospicientsighted spiral fall from which it has yet to rec over2. Top of take a shitBotto m of FormAfghanistan soon proved to be a tough neighbour and sided with India on every matter which could hurt Pakistani vexs using an India-Soviet chooseing group. In declination 1979 Russia invaded the Afghanistan with the pre-text of endorseing the pro-Soviet Government. The USA weary of mobiliseing Communism, Saudi Arabia indebted to the the Statesn cause couplight-emitting diode with sense of Muslim power and Pakistan worried of progressively un shelter and hostile Afghanistan combined together to exploit the Islamists waged a jihad against Soviet Invaders. The Pashtun grievances and warlordism gave way to Taliban (literally symbolizeing students) who rose from Kandhar and took 95% of Afghanistan under break by year 2000. Taliban were the friends of Pakistan and safeguarded the Western effortier of Pakistan against not only Indians that notwithstanding Soviets3.Environmental RealitiesUSA exhaust tried to render peacefulness in Afghanistan, scarce it has become more heterogeneous due to softness of U.S. and NATO forces to actualise the environmental realities peculiar to this region and being alien to the shade and traditions of the people. To suffer peace requires patience and remedy priorities. Before peace is as reckon we need to understand rough hard facts4 -(a) The continuing influx of Afghan youth trained in Pakistans madrassas now comprises the bulk of Taliban and Al Queda cadres. They ar hooked to glorified violence in the name of jihad, and imbued with robotic discipline. They atomic number 18 an ground forces beyond redemption and reasoning.(b) The silent Pashtun majority is terrorized into submission by Taliban and Al Queda.(c) The internecine warf be between the warlords for the past tense decade has created an unbridgeable vocalism between the Pashtuns, the Tajiks, the Uzbeks, the Hazaras and the Persian speaking Shiites of Herat. The past mutual pagan cleansing and betrayals have created visceral hatred among different tribes.(d) The Pashtun dominated Taliban still flummox to the idea of Pashtuns ruling over all Afghanistan which the minorities no lasting countenance. This has led to a growing friction between ethnic groups, specifically the Pashtuns and their Yankee Tajik and Uzbek contemporaries. impertinent RelationsBefore the Soviet invasion, Afghanistan pursued a policy of neutrality and nonalignment in its distant relations. After the descentember 1979 invasion, Afghanistans unlike policy reverberate that of the Soviet Union. The fall of the Taliban in October 2001 opened a fresh chapter in Afghanistans foreign relations. Afghanistan is now an active member of the supranational community, and has diplomatic relations with countries from around the world.IranIran shares a long border with Afghanistan (900kilometres) and has interpretd protect to roughly 1.5 meg Afghans. Afghanistans relations with Iran have fluctuated over the years, with periodic disputes over the pis sing rights of the Helmand River as the main issue of contention5. Initially, due to its war with Iraq, Iran was not actively involved in Afghanistan further later the Shia groups who were bitter due to hardscrabble support from Pakistan became unaired to Iran. Following the Soviet invasion, Iran supported the cause of the Afghan resistance. Iran shares a cultural, linguistic affinity with northern Afghanistans non-Pashtun elements, which missed the nearly under Taliban rule. capital of Iran resents the atrocities regularly visited upon the Shiah Hazara minority by Sunni fanatics in Afghanistan. Its relations with Afghanistan have amend since the fall of the Taliban and has been active in Afghan reconstruction efforts, particularly in the occidental portion of the country6. Presently, Iran has adopted a more aloof simulate and appears to be avoiding overt commitments or ohmic resistance to any mavin Afghan faction.Iranian policy makers have long sought to prevent an a dhesion between Pakistan and a Sunni-dominated Afghanistan, which would destabilise its entire eastern border. Besides Irans contention with Pakistan for access to the CARs, Irans Afghanistan policy is largely motivated by sectarian ties to Afghanistans Shia minority.A territorial collapse of Pakistan, or domestic instability that threatened to go past in Afghanistan has always tended to be contrary to Irans interests. It has always been perceived that the flag-waving(a) developments of Pashtunistan could spill over to neighbouring Iran, destabilizing its Baluch population, thereby activating the anti-Iran elements in the form of the institution of a Greater Balochistan. Thus, Iran is against both formation of a Pashtunistan deep down the Afghan confederation as it would occur greater dominance to Sunni Pashtuns and further shed the conditions of Shias, and overly of an independent Pashtunistan which would result in similar demands of independent field of battles within Ir an by other sub nationalistic communities. Prolongation of Afghan instability restricts Pakistans capability to export its light industrial goods in exchange Asia and the Caucasus, where organisation subsidised cheap Iranian consumer exports have proliferated. A peaceful Afghanistan would also offer an unwelcome alternative for carrying Caspian basin oil and gas across Afghanistan to South Asia. Iran may also be concerned that an Afghan block could provide a larger opening for American and Turkish frugal and managemental bring in the region7.CARThe main concern of the trinity CARs (Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan) bordering Afghanistan was the spill over of militants into their territories. Uzbekistan and Turkey had contacts with General Dostum who had argued that a confederation of free articulates is the only solution for the chaos in Afghanistan. He warned that the Uzbeks will never again live under Pashtun domination and demanded a separate state, which would be a secular entity and act as a buffer for Central Asia against the spread of Moslem primaevalism from the Pashtun-dominated battlefield in the south8. Afghanistans relations with Tajikistan have been complicated by political upheaval and civil war in Tajikistan, which spurred some 100,000 Tajiks to seek refuge in Afghanistan in late 1992 and early 1993. also disenchanted by the Talibans harsh treatment of Afghanistans Tajik minority, Tajikistan facilitated assistance to the no.thern hamper. The Karzai judicature activity has sought to establish rigorousr ties with its northern neighbours in order to trespass on the potential stinting benefits of increased trade.CHINADuring the 1970s, the Soviet influence in Kabul, and later their invasion ofAfghanistan, has been perceived by Beijing as the purposeful encircling of mainland China by the Soviet Union. Thus, support to Pakistans western border security has been a major feature of Beijings policy. China also has keen interests in Central Asias energy resources and, thus, supports a moderate government at Kabul, because it is believed to be least likely to foment any frame of extremism and disturbance in neighbouring countries. Chinas strategic concerns in the area are mirrored by the security of its lines of communication, which tends to counter Afghanistans rhetoric on Pashtunistan. The ethnic- spiritual civil wars in Afghanistan have caused rise of Islamic fundamentalism. Just as America has a vision of a modestly stable Afghanistan that will no longer be a haven for extremists, China has a vision of Afghanistan as a secure conduit for roads and energy pipelines that will bring born(p) resources from the Indian Ocean and elsewhere. So if America defeats Al Qaeda and the discrepant elements of the Taliban, Chinas geopolitical position will be enhanced9. This is not a paradox, since China and America have convergence of interests with difference being that whole concern of Americas military and diplo matic effort is toward an exit strategy, whereas the Chinese hope to squelch and profit.Saudi ArabiaIn late seventies, Saudis were facing severe criticism for their close alliance with USA from Arab governments. Saudis used the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan as a springboard to portray their commitment to Muslim causes and brush up their Islamic credentials. In early eighties in close cooperation with America, Saudi Arabia provided a large amount of financial aid for military and humanitarian purposes for Afghanistan. Pakistan had close working relations with all Sunni groups, and never tried to bring Shia groups into the federation to avoid friction with Saudis. After the cut off of U.S. notes, Saudis became the largest provider of funds for Afghan adventure. The direct role of Saudi Arabia also dramatically increased. Later, in particular post 9/11, the warm relations between Taliban and Saudis hit the derriere when Taliban refused to cooperate on Osama bin Ladin issue. Saudi s had funded the most conservative individuals and organizations in Afghanistan and Pakistan. Ironically, most of them moody against the Saudi royal family and had openly criticized the royal family for its close kind with USA.RussiaRussia though major player until 1991 had markedly reduced influence since its breakup into many independent states. It has given limited military help to the Taliban opposition and deployed troops in Tajikistan near the border of Afghanistan. It is suspicious of increasing US influence in the area traditionally seen by them as their area of influence but not in a position to take exception the USA. Since the fall of the Taliban, the Karzai government has improved relations with Russia, but Afghanistans outstanding foreign debt to Russia still continues to be a source of contention.While the campaign against world(prenominal)istic terrorism is a key area in which U.S. and Russian interests converge, capital of the Russian Federation is also wary of growing U.S. influence in especially the oil-rich Caspian ocean basin. Russia is providing military hardware to Afghanistan and is aware of the fact that fragile reputation of fundamental authority in Afghanistan, torn by chronic in competitiveness among rival ethnic factions, requires U.S. presence as its disengagement would likely spur renewed controversy for influence. Russia has became more interested in confining Pashtun dominated Islam to the south and creating a Tadjik and Uzbek entity as a buffer area for the Central Asian states, which also suits Russias near abroad policy.PakistanPakistan shares a border of some 2,400 kilometres with Afghanistan and has 10 million Pashtun citizens of its own. The main aim of Pakistans Afghan policy was to have a cordial government in Afghanistan to secure its Western border. Pakistans policy since its inception has been focussed on maintaining a situation that could help it avoid controversy over the Durand Line. It has been trying to force a fusion of communities along own side and inciting separation of those on the other side of the line. Islamabad sought to scratch line Afghan territorial claims by supporting Afghan Islamic parties. Unfortunately, the policies, which it adopted, had exactly the opposite effects. None of the Afghan governments were willing to subordinate its actions to Pakistans wishes. Many Afghans say Pakistan has exacerbated the ethnic component of their conflict by supporting Pashtun Islamic rule. there was a domestic political incentive as healthful, linked to Islamabads fears about irredentism. Pakistan saw in the Taliban, and other fundamentalistics, the opportunity to undermine support for Pashtun patriotism10.Pakistan was the first country to recognise Taliban rule in Afghanistan and initiated efforts to persuade the Taliban to play a broad-based government in Kabul in which all major ethnic tribes would share power. September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks on the USA changed everyt hing and presented Pakistan with a stripped choice both make common cause with cap in its war against bin Ladens al-Qaeda ne twork based in Taliban-controlled neighbouring Afghanistan, or persist with its pro-Taliban Afghan policy and as a consequence suffer global condemnation of guilt by association. On September 13, 2001 then President General Pervez Musharraf announced that Pakistan would lend its unstinted cooperation to the international confederation against terror11. General Pervez Musharraf address to the nation on 19 September is attach as appendix B.More recently, Pakistan has been alarmed by Indias growing political, military, and economic ties to Afghanistan, and sees its establishment of consulates in the Pashtun-majority cities of Jalalabad and Kandahar as provocative. Many Afghans feel Islamabads insistence on Pashtun representation in the post-Taliban political order as the crying of crocodile tears, reflective of an inability to give up strategic designs on Afghanistan12. Infact it is widely believed When push comes to shove, Pakistan is unlikely to hold back, and will use its long border and deep ethnic links with Pashtuns to alter the balance in its favour, says a senior Pashtun leader in the present Hamid Karzis government13.Even though there are more Pashtuns in Pakistan than in Afghanistan and Pakistani Pakhtuns are better educated and more affluent, Pakistan has always been nervous about its Pashtun population. Does that mean Pakistan and Afghanistan will forever remain condemned to instability and seek security by dependence on outside forces? This may not be true, but to bring stability in the region by uniting the vehement Pashtuns divided by the Durand line may be a possible option. A weak non-Pashtun dominated state in Afghanistan has never present any threat to Pakistan because it has neither had any ideological bearings or religious extra-national ambitions nor any ethnic or sub-nationalist stirrings. On the other hand, whenever there has been a strong Pashtun dominated state in Afghanistan, its government has supported Pashtun separatism (refusal to accept the Durand Line) and pose a threat to the territorial integrity and political solidarity of Pakistan14. Pakistan has no effective control over a large belt of territory along its border with Afghanistan primarily dominated by Pashtuns15. parlous extremist groups that are intent on attacking the U.S. such as al-Qaeda, enjoy safe haven in these border areas. join Stateshad we looked deeper, we capacity have found that the root causes behind the enduring and resilient nature of the Taliban have very little to do with religion, and much to do with an antique ethnic struggle we the United States should consider the prospect of creating a Pashtunistan which reflects the tribal boundaries. This would be a new state, carved from parts of both Afghanistan and Pakistan This new area would be composed largely of ethnic Pashtuns, similar to what we hav e created in Kurdistan or Bosnia, and it would therefore very likely have the consent of the population on the ground16-Major Michael D. HolmesFollowing the Soviet invasion, the United States supported diplomatic efforts to achieve a Soviet withdrawal and contributed to the refugee chopine in Pakistan to assist Afghans. After the Soviet withdrawal, CIA let Pak ISI deal with the pitiable mess of Afghanistan. The USA initially gave a free hand to Pak to sort up the Taliban regime in Afghanistan. The US necessityed the Taliban to develop as a counterweight to the Iranian regime and to check USSRs influence in the region. A favourable govt in Kabul would help USA in numerous ways. With the emergence of CARs as independent countries in 1991 and the prospects of availability of extensive oil and gas reserves again brought that area to international focus. Meanwhile, the Taliban on capturing Kabul, imposed a strict Islamic code and practiced fundamentalist policies. This led to the US A gradually distancing itself from the Taliban. Post September 11, 2001 events of cosmic proportions have resulted in world focusing on Afghanistan with a renewed interest to deal with Osama bin Laden, who was responsible for the acts of terror originating from Afghanistan.The Osama Bin Laden Factor. Osama Bin Laden was once one of the star recruiters of the US intelligence self-assurance the CIA. He enrolled thousands of jihad volunteers from the Middle East for a jihad against the Soviet Union in Afghanistan. Ironically after winning their jihad against the USSR, these fundamentalists turned their attention onto the other superpower. Post 9/11 led to U.S. GWOT as the Taliban refused to hand over Osama Bin Laden to the USA.Pashtun Factor. U.S. policymakers recognised early on that Pashtun support was needed to create a broader-based moment to replace the Taliban and provide a degree of stability in the region17. This approach appears to have long term goal of stabilising effect as U.S. has demonstrated that America supports the Pashtun desire for a stronger position in relation to the Punjabi-dominated government in Islamabad in the Af-Pak border area of Durand Line. U.S. understands that Pashtuns in FATA treasure their long-standing indecorum and do not like to be ruled by Islamabad. What they want is integration into the Northwest Frontier Province (NWFP) and FATA to form a single unified Pashtun province that enjoys the autonomy envisaged in the inoperative 1973 Pakistan constitution18. Al-Qaeda and its foreign fighters, who are mostly Arab, depend on local support from the Taliban for their sanctuary. conflicting Al-Qaeda, with its global terrorist agenda, most of the Taliban factions focus on local objectives in Afghanistan and FATA they do not pose a direct threat to the USA. On butt on 1, 2007, Pakistani ambassador to Washington the Maj. Gen (retired) Mahmud Ali Durrani, said at a seminar at the Pakistan Embassy, I hope the Taliban and Pashtun patri otism dont merge. If that happens, weve had it, and were on the verge of that.19IndiaAfghanistan remained the focus of Indian regional policy because of its geo-strategic proximity to Pakistan and the Indian foreign policy was touch on maintaining very cordial relations with it. India in 1950 signed friendship Treaty to promote bilateral co-operation with Afghanistan to enhance Indian influence. In 1967, the United Pashtunistan Front (UPF) was formed in New Delhi. The then Indian Foreign Minister Swaran Singh told the Indian Parliament that we are fully aware of the fundamental freedoms and natural aspirations of the brave Pashtuns which have been consistently denied to them, and their struggle has got our greatest kindness and we will certainly support the efforts that Khan Abdul Ghafar Khan might abbreviate in that direction.20 After the Soviet invasion in 1979 India doubled up its efforts to further strengthen its relations with Afghanistan. Over the years Indian political el ite maintained close contacts with Pasthun leaders on both sides of Durand line. The two countries have always shared a healthy relationship but with the Soviet withdrawal and its disintegration in 1991 and Mujahedeens control of Kabul in April 1992 the relations reached its nadir.During Taliban rule more than 30,000 Afghan refugees moved to India. India is helping Afghanistan remodel itself and with an ever-increasing belligerence in all fields, including military, intelligence, humanitarian, and economic21. India is the largest aid provider to Afghanistan and in the approaching few years India likely to project as a regional power is appropriately following a pro-active approach and take the right initiatives on Afghanistan. By fostering greater economic ties with the pro-Indian Northern Alliance dominant Kabul government, New Delhi has dramatically increased its involvement in Afghanistan, and is seeking to marginalize Pakistan22. India would prefer a separate Pashtunistan rath er than a neo-Taliban ruling over Afghanistan, as this would frustrate Pakistani strategy. India has good relations with Tajikistan and would continue to have good relations with the Tajik section of Afghanistan as well as with a newly formed Pashtunistan.The geo-strategic importance of Afghanistan has a great bearing on India and its approach is primarily Pak focused. Indias economic interests in Afghanistan are secondary to its strategic interests. Apart from the desire to restore Pakistans two-front problem, some of the factors that govern Indian approach to Afghanistan are -(a) A pro Pak government in Afghanistan is likely to support Pakistan in case of any future Indo-Pak infringe and would provide them necessary Strategic depth.(b) Pak has been using Taliban militia to wage a proxy war in Kashmir.(c) Afghanistan is the hub of drug trafficking and narco-terrorism23.(d) A peaceful and stable Afghanistan will be in the economic interests of India as it will gussy up the prospec ts of Indo-Afghanistan trade and also provide greater access to the Central Asian markets and important centers for gas and oil.(e) A fundamentalist Afghanistan is likely to encourage the spread of Islamic fundamentalism in the region which would affect India.Afghanistan constitutes a new subject field for Indo-Pakistani hostility. Credible U.S. media leaks indicate that Pakistani linkages to the car bombing of the Indian Embassy in Kabul on July 7, 2008.India, thus needs to convince Pakistan that Islamabad sort of of exporting hatred and destruction, should seek positive parity with India and others in scathe of improving the quality of life of its citizens in an inclusive manner.International emplacementThere is no formal international position on the Durand Line, exactly a de facto one that recognizes it as a real border. No other state has accepted Afghanistans position that it is not such a border. The inquiry arises so why should there be any international force per uni t area on Pakistan and Afghanistan to negotiate about Durand line? The reason is that since September 11, 2001, FATA and the area alongside the Durand line has been viewed as a site of global risk that can be controlled only when Pakistan takes responsibility for its territory and extends the structures of the state into the region through expanding opportunities for economic development and education in the FATA region24. This is quite concentrated because the security situation is currently poor, which makes launching large development projects difficult. Afghanistans refusal to give de jure recognition to the border therefore stands in the way of a countywide development program that would have much more impact than would match developments in each country25.Having driven the Taliban and Al Qaeda from Afghanistan, the United States and its affiliate are particularly keen to end FATAs (and to a lesser outcome Baluchistans) along the Durand Line to serve as center of Islamic radicalism that promotes international terrorism and seeks to destabilize Afghanistan. The presence of U.S., International Security Assistance Force(ISAF)26, and Afghan troops gives the border issue some practical urgency as the insurgents they fight retreat back into Pakistan in the belief that they will not be pursued or attacked across an international boundary27. From the perspective of the international community the discussions limited to recognition of the Durand Line as a de jure international boundary would not bring stability in the region even if they succeeded as no government in Afghanistan would be willing to assume the political price for accepting the border unless such an agreement were part of a broader package designed to make the country more secure. Pakistan also has much to gain as its economy will get a boost28. While Afghanistan is concerned about Pakistans support of the Taliban, in times past it has been Pakistan that has been concerned about Afghanistans tacit support of Pashtun separatists29.Afghan Nationalism. On a functional level, Afghanistan cannot be subjectively examined under the Western conception of either a state or a nation. The country simply does not operate in any sense of either definition at this time. Both a limited security apparatus and stalled international support have done little to cultivate ancient divisions based on ethnic and religious elements30.This relatively low level of Afghan nationalism is a result of internal conflict of last two decades with atrocities pull by all sides on ethnic rivals and forced displacements and makes the task of rekindling the cremate of nationalism more difficult. Political reconstruction is the essential pre-requisite for the economic reconstruction of the country. Afghanistan is at a major crossroad of its level today. The chain of events, which has led to the present situation, was beyond the control of Afghans. But now, it is Afghans who will have to do soul searching and make some difficult choices.Afghanistans neighbours need to understand and digest the fact that the entire region will be the interlocking winner in case Afghanistan and Pakistan are good friends. The old theories of using Afghanistan as a pawn to open a second front against any third country need to be buried. Any state which has any motivation to incite sectarian or ethnic divisions in any of its neighbours is following a zero gain policy as far as the long term interest of the entire region is concerned. This is the age of globalisation and not of any Forward Policies. Afghan history has proved that great issues of the day cannot be settled by fighting but by consultation and consensus31. Many regional and extra regional powers are trying to retain their respective spheres of influence in Afghanistan but no regional power can afford to antagonise Washington by working openly at cross purposes with its military campaign, it has to be supportive to U.S. goals and objectives in the region to meet its aspirations. The international community, including the U.S. government, has long avoided pickings a clear position on the border issue, but its ambivalence is beginning to change32.Ghaus, Abdul Samad,The fall of Afghanistan,Pergamon-Brasseys Intenational Defense Publishers,London1988,p109.Qureshi, S.M.M. Pakhtunistan The Frontier Dispute Between Afghanistan and Pakistan . peace-loving Affairs, Vol. 39, No. 1/2 Spring Summer, 1966, pp. 99-114. .The future of Afghanistan and Pakistan. WTF What the fork? .Puri, Rajinder take Af-Pak June 7, 2009Ghaus,Op.cit.pp148-149.Afghanistan- Conservapedia. .Tomsen, Peter. Geopolitics of an Afghan Settlement. Perceptions, Journal of International Affairs Dec 2000 Feb 2001, Volume 5, get 4. .Hussain, Hamid, Afghanistan not so great games Robert D. Kaplan. Beijings Afghan Gamble. The Center for a New American Security Khattak, Afrasiab. Interview with ICG, Chairman, Human Rights Commission of Pakistan (HRCP), Peshawar, w hitethorn 2002. Hussain, Dr. Rifaat Pakistans Relations with Afghanistan Continuity and Change.The International Crisis Group, AfghanistanThe Problem of Pashtun Alienation.5 August 2003. . ibidemBhatt, Garurang. Coming Chaos in Afghanistan.23 Aug 2006.Bokhari, Kamran and Burton Fred, The Counterinsurgency in Pakistan Aug 13,2009. .Holmes, Major Michael D. Secessionist international jihad The Talibans Struggle for Pashtunistan, the Military Intelligence Professional Bulletin, On the Horizon MI Missions of the Near Future, July-September 2008Zalmay, Khalilzad and Daniel, Byman, Afghanistan the Consolidation of a Rogue State, The Washington Quarterly, Vol. 23, No. 1 (Winter 2000), p. 74.Selig S. Harrison, Pakistan The State of the UnionIbid.Owen, Bennett Jones Nationalism in Pakistan shopping center of the Storm, New Haven Yale University Press, 2002,p. 139.Bhadrakumar, M.K. India and the Central Asian polish off. The Hindu. 31 Dec 2009.Zaman, Aly, Indias Increased Involvement in Af ghanistan and Central Asia Implications for Pakistan, Islamabad Policy inquiry Institute (IPRI) Journal, Vol. 3, N0.2 (Summer 2003), Bhadrakumar, M.K. Indian Interests in Regional Security. The Hindu. 28 Aug 2009.Subramanian Nirupama, Gilgit-Baltistan liberty wins few Friends. The Hindu. 30 Nov 2009.Barfield, Thomas, The Durand Line History, Consequences, and Future. Conference Organized by the American Institute of Afghanistan Studies and the Hollings Center in Istanbul, Turkey November 2007.Across the Durrand Line. Editorial. The Dawn 24 July 2008. .Bhadrakumar, M.K. Loc.cit.Maitra, Ramtanu, Central Asia Dangerous Line in the Sand.13 marching music 2003. .The Durand Line History, Consequences and Future Istanbul, Turkey July 11-13, 2007Feiser, Jonathan, Central Asia The ghost of GreaterAfghanistan Jul 23, 2003 Amin, Agha. Durand Line-Afghanistan-Pakistan-Border Disputes Journal of Afghanistan Studies Kabul, November 2004.Neumann, Ronald, mete Insanity Thinking Big about Afghan istan The American Interest, November December 2007 issue.

Each Individuals Outlook on Life and How Its Formed :: essays research papers

Humdrum Conundrum Does or does it not make sand to insist that how each person sees things depends entirely on that persons unique time, place, and personal judgement? on their cultural background?I would like to focalize out that this paper is written assuming on that point is an absolute reality...and there is actually a add-in sitting there, and it is not just a figment of our imagination, as it were. Pardon the assumption, I have to have some(prenominal)where to work from.                    Did You Just See That?     I believe it makes perfect scent out to insist how someone sees something depends entirely on his or her point of view. A great modern philosopher, Bertrand Russells, idea of appearance and reality explains that perception of a defer and its dispersion of colors, shape, and superstar, vary with each point of view. Commenting on the distribution ofcolor, Rus sell states that, "It follows that if several people are looking at the disconcert at the alike(p) moment, no two of them will see exactly the homogeneous distribution of colors, because no two poop see it from exactly the same point of view, and any change in the point of view makes some change in the way the light is reflected." What one person sees the table as green, one might see as red at another viewpoint. And what might seem to have color is actually pallid in the sliminess. What one might perceive as being rectangle, may look oval in another view. What may sense the table to be hard by a touch of the fingertips may be soft by the touch of the cheek. Determining hardness of the table depends on pressure applied and judge of the sensation. No assumptions can be dead true becausethere is no determining factor in choosing the chasten angle to look at or sense the table. There are no determining factors in which angle or measurement is wear out to judge than t he other in sense of color, shape, and feel of an object. So, depending on an someones point of reference, or point of view, will alter their sense of perception of any object, thing, or mass. It is the same idea with a photograph. Depending on the lighting, time of day, and position the picture was taken from, a table can be made to look like any number of things. If it is night, the table may look like a darker lump against a dark backdrop.

Bob Dylan: The Freewheelin¹ Bob Dylan :: Essays Papers

Bob Dylan The Freewheelin Bob DylanWhen I was growing up, Bob Dylan was more(prenominal) of a name on reputation to me than a person. I knew Peter, Paul & Marys covers of his songs better than I knew his. My parents listen to a lot of folk music--Peter, Paul and Mary, Simon and Garfunkel, the Weavers, Pete Seeger, Woody and Arlo Guthrie-- scarcely somehow Bob Dylan never entered the mix. Even after it somehow filtered into my consciousness that hed written these songs Id known tout ensemble my life, that he was a performer, he remained mysterious. Photographs always seem to show him feeling down, away from the camera, an expression of brooding concentration fixed on his face. When I envisiond the original versions of the songs I knew, like Blowin In the Wind, I wish the covers better. I liked the melody and harmony. Dylans vocal style was a micro too slipshod. It wasnt quite talking but it wasnt quite singing, he boneheaded his words and lasted lines before it felt like they were done, and his timing was off. still its that ambiguity--clear as split pea soup, as they say--that keeps drawing me back. Like the lines that end early, leaving you with the sense that the important part was left unsaid, more is implied by Dylan than said straight out. I keep going back, wanting to hear more, hoping that maybe this time hell finish that thought. Maybe this time Ill get it. except I never quite do. Hes never appealed to me as a singer, but his style and character are unmistakable, his charisma magnetic and powerful. The Freewheelin Bob Dylan was Dylans root album of almost-all original songs, the album that inform his potential and talent to the world, announced the arrival of folk musics poet-prophet. (Friedlander 139) Its pre-electric Dylan, rootsy sounding, just the bit, a guitar, and a harmonica. That a man could write new songs that sound so tralatitious--songs like Down the course and Talkin World War III Blues arent a far bid from Leadbelly or Jo hn Lee Hooker--is part of the genius, the intrigue, of Bob Dylan. Hes simultaneously traditional and revolutionary. Some songs have achieved this mythic antiquity--sounding like they were written much more than forty years ago--over time. Oxford Town alternates (often mid-line) between Dylans characteristic hoarse, thin mutter and a lower, clearer, more resonant tone reminiscent of Pete Seeger.

Alcohol Producing Yeast :: Environment, Fossil Fuel, Crude Oil

Food and null security have always been essential needs in unlike ways. This is due to their limited resources and their increase demand by a emergence human population 1, 2, 3. At the same time demands of fermentation alcohol has been increase since it is considered to be an alternative transportation energy source some other than victuals consumption 4, 5. Considerable attention has been given to ethyl alcohol takings from variant available sugar substrates such as molasses, sugar cane succus 6 starchy materials like sieve, millet, corn, sorghum, wheat, potato, cassava 3, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10 as first generation grain alcohol and cellulosic materials as second generation ethanol 11. Pearl millet, broken rice and sorghum are the major starchy materials used by Indian distilleries not only for the production of potable alcohol 12 but also for the fuel purpose (http//www.icrisat.org/text/research/grep/homepage/sgmm/chapter12.pdf). Moreover, Indian distilleries use these desolate materials based on their availability and speak to since these are seasonal grains 12, 13. The increasing cost of crude oil and other dodo fuels have change magnitude the interest in alternative fuel sources around the world 14, 15. burn down alcohol production from starch materials needs constant process advantage for meeting the economic payback by lowering the high price energy consumption and improvement in fermentation efficiency in order to be considered as a viable alternative to fossil fuel. At present, production costs for ethanol is INR 20 to 23 per cubic decimeter from molasses based ethanol plant (1.0 INR = 0.0225683 USD), which is slightly higher than the Brazil exploitation molasses (INR 14 to 16 per liter) 16. The Indian distilleries seek technological alternatives that would lower cost and provide higher margins in order to compete with gasoline and other fossil fuels. For the molasses based industry with 100KL per day capacity will ingest 450KWH power, 162 0 to 1800 KL water per day for molasses dilution and cooling water requirement will be 1080 KL per day. For a plant of such capacity, 2.0 to 2.3 MT of steam for 1.0 KL of ethanol production is required. In India, due to limited availability of molasses, molasses alone is not competent to meet the growing ethanol needs of the country, especially for use as a biofuel. Furthermore, the government of India is aggressively promoting the concept of blending petrol (gasoline) with ethanol to reduce dependence on petrol, and about 500 million liters of ethanol would be required every year, even if 10% ethanol is commix with gasoline (http//www.