Comapre 2 Grief theorists Essay

Grief and bereavement are different for each individual, that is no two people will experience a loss in the same way. A loss is the absence of something we deem meaningful. Over the years there have been many different theories of grief, but it is not a ‘one size fits all’ approach. The aim of this paper is to compare two grief models, namely Dr Elisabeth Kubler-Ross’ Five Stages of Grief and Dr William Worden’s Tasks of Mourning including the Seven Mediators of Mourning. After comparing the two models the paper will then look at how the two models are different and finish with a case study using one of the models. Dr Elisabeth Kubler-Ross was a Swiss born Psychiatrist. During her in psychiatry residency she was appalled by the treatment of patients who were dying. She began lecturing medical students and forced them to face dying patients. Her extensive work with the dying lead to the writing of her book ‘On death and dying’ (1969). In this book she proposed the Five Stages of Grief, being denial, anger, bargaining, depression and acceptance, which most people will feel when faced with death. Whilst this model was initially for the dying patient it has been later adapted for the bereft. Dr Kubler-Ross notes that these stages are not meant to be completed in a strict order or are indeed the only emotions the bereft will pass through. Other researchers studying the process of loss and grief have recognised these stages as well as the fact that they do not have to be experienced in any particular order but are all part of the grieving process. The bereaved may vacillate in and out of some stages before completing this part of the process. Grief begins at the moment a loss is recognised, long before death actually happens. Dr Kubler-Ross’ Five Stages of Grief will be explained in more detail below: Denial. Shock and disbelief that the loss is happening. Numbness and even a sense of isolation that takes over the bereaved and for brief periods of time. Do they remember that they have suffered the loss? Anger. Why me? The bereaved may find themselves angry at the loss or themselves for wishing it would all end. Bargaining. This is usually about making a compromise with God or other deity. â€Å"Just let my baby have a heart beat on this ultrasound and I’ll do whatever you want† or your friend asks God to let him live a while longer and he’ll promise to quit smoking. Depression. Becoming so sad that things just don’t matter anymore. Feelings of hopelessness, sorrow, and despair overwhelm the bereaved. Acceptance. Coming to terms with reality. Loss is part of life and cannot be avoided. If the loss is the death of a loved one then a feeling of calmness and peace that the berefts loved one is no longer suffering and is at rest or peace, having gone on to a better place. These stages can come in any order and can be intertwined. The bereft will experience grief in their own way and their own time. Some people will move through the grieving process quickly, and others take much more time to grieve. Some bereaved people may effectively remain in denial for a long time and put off their grieving. The Four Tasks of Mourning is based on research by Dr J William Worden, PhD, who is currently a professor at Biola University in California. Dr Worden (2009) theorised that the grieving process was broken down into four main tasks of grieving and seven mediators of mourning which could be addressed individually or at the same time. Dr Worden’s Four Tasks of Mourning are: Task 1: To Accept the Reality of the Loss. During this task, the bereft must face the reality that the loss is real. In the case of a death the bereft must come to harsh terms that the deceased is never coming back. Task 2: To Process the Pain of Grief. This task is just as the title of the task suggests, that is, to process the pain and to find a way to cope with the pain until it passes. Task 3: To Adjust to a World Without the Deceased. Within this task there are three adjustments that need to be made; external adjustments, internal adjustments, and spiritual adjustments. Task 4: To Find an Enduring Connection With the Deceased in the Midst of Embarking on a New Life. ‘to find an enduring connection with the deceased in the midst of embarking on a new life’ (Field, Gal-Oz & Bonanno, 2003). Worden also identifies seven determining factors that are critical to appreciate in order to understand the client’s experience which he calls the Mediators of Mourning. These include: (1) who the person who died was; (2) the nature of the attachment to the deceased; (3) how the person died; (4) historical antecedents; (5) personality variables; (6) social mediators; and (7) concurrent stressors. These mediators include many of the risk and protective factors identified by the research literature and provide an important context for appreciating the idiosyncratic nature of the grief experience (Corr & Coolican, 2010). Issues such as the strength and nature of the attachment to the deceased, the survivor’s attachment style and the degree of conflict and ambivalence with the deceased are important considerations. Death-related factors, such as physical proximity, levels of violence or trauma, or a death where a body is not recovered, all can pose significant challenges for the bereaved. Dr Worden’s work is an important development in the understanding of the process of coping adaptively with bereavement as each task is clearly defined in an action-oriented manner. The writings of both Dr Kubler-Ross and Dr Worden have had a substantial impact in the world of loss and grief. Although the simplicity is surely attractive, Dr Kubler-Ross’ theory has not been supported by research and it has largely been abandoned by clinicians and researchers alike (Harvard Mental Health Letter, 2011). Dr Worden (2009) suggested that we look at grief as a series of tasks rather than stages as detailed above. Both models have what could be defined as steps in the grieving process and these steps provide the counsellor a theoretical framework in which to work. Neither of the two models are designed to be linear in their process and in fact the bereft may swing back and forth between some of the steps in each model. The danger with these, and all other models, however, is that they can be normative and tell people how they ought to experience grief. Individuals are all unique and experiences of grief vary from person to person. Therefore, the emphasis on moving through the stages may not, in reality, respect where each individual is. After all, some may never actually want to â€Å"get over† the death of a loved one. Consequently, there is a risk that people who are not following these stages might be labelled as suffering from a â€Å"complicated† or â€Å"unresolved† grief and may be intervened with unnecessarily or inappropriately (Hamama-Raz, Hemmendinger & Buchbinder, 2010). Case Study Penny is 48 years old. She is in a defacto relationship with Leonard for the past seven years. She has three grown up children, one living nearby, the other living in Melbourne, and her daughter, Katherine (24 years old), living at home and working. She is healthy and has a steady job. She has limited contact with the husband from whom she had been divorced when the children were very young. Leonard is a magazine editor and had never married. When he had met Penny they seemed just right for each other. They were each other’s best friend. Leonard had not been feeling right for a short time before consulting his doctor. Tests showed a malignant mass in his bowel. He was operated on to remove the mass and he was to begin chemotherapy soon after. This weighed heavily on Penny and Leonard, despite the optimistic prognosis offered by Leonard’s doctors. In Penny’s life, the routine of the household was that she woke Katherine up in the morning, as she was notorious for sleeping through her alarm clock and arriving late for work. One morning, Penny bent over to shake Katherine awake, but this morning she could not be awakened. She had died during the night. Penny called an ambulance, and within minutes the paramedics were there but Katherine had been dead for several hours. The doctors were unable to establish a cause of death even after extensive testing. The next days were a total blank as Penny went through the motions of all that had to be done. The family gathered, the funeral took place, and Penny blocked most of it out. Penny has been unable to function. Her grief and depression are crippling and overwhelm everything. For the first few weeks, she could not eat or sleep. She was unable even to consider returning to work, as she was immersed in her grief. Leonard suggested that she should get some help, so Penny went for group counselling at a local agency. The group proved somewhat helpful and it enabled Penny to return to work about eight weeks after Katherine’s death. At work, she found herself short tempered, snapping at colleagues, she was preoccupied and could not focus and she was frequently late. She was able to get through the days, only to come home and cry. It was her anger that finally propelled her into individual counselling. She was unable to be civil to her work colleagues â€Å"who were idiots.† The few friends that she still had were objects of her wrath. She found herself irrationally lashing out at anyone who even slightly annoyed her, and she began to feel isolated and frightened by her own actions. She began individual bereavement counselling in December, eight months after Katherine had died. If I was counselling Penny I would assess which of Worden’s four mourning tasks were not complete and make an effort to address the gaps. If Penny has not accepted the reality of the loss, then Penny has to begin the letting go of the deceased. However, if the difficulty is in experiencing the pain, then I would help Penny feel safe enough to feel both the positive and negative aspects of his or her grief. This safety would be built up through the accepting relationship established between myself and Penny. If adjusting to the environment seems to be the hurdle, then problem solving would become the focus of helping Penny to make the needed changes to get back to living. If Penny were unable to engage in relationships and withdraw her emotional energy from Katherine, then I would have to work with her to help release her from the binding attachment to Katherine and to be free to develop new relationships. Often the bereft are afraid to let go of the deceased for fear that the deceased will be forgotten. It may be constructive for me to counsel Penny on how to build new connections to Katherine, new ways to think about her in a more spiritual or ethereal manner. I would also urge social connectedness with others by encouraging and supporting efforts in that direction. In conclusion, every person will experience grief and loss at some stage of their lives. It is the way that this grief and loss is handled by the counsellor that can help the bereft deal with their loss and move past it, incorporating the loss into their lives. An effective counsellor can only do this if they are familiar with the theories of grief and loss. References Beyond the five stages of grief. (2011). Harvard Mental Health Letter, 3. Corr, C. A., & Coolican, M. B. (2010). Understanding bereavement, grief, and mourning: implications for donation and transplant professionals. Progress in Transplantation, 20(2), 169-177. Field, N. P., Gal-Oz, E., & Bonanno, G. A. (2003). Continuing Bonds and Adjustment at 5 Years After the Death of a Spouse. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 71, 110-117. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.71.1.110 Hamama-Raz, Y., Hemmendinger, S., & Buchbinder, E. (2010). The Unifying Difference: Dyadic Coping With Spontaneous Abortion Among Religious Jewish Couples. Qualitative Health Research. doi:10.1177/1049732309357054 Kubler-Ross, E. (1969). On death and dying. New York: Macmillan. Worden, J. W. (2009). Grief counseling and grief therapy: A handbook for the mental health practitioner. New York, NY: Springer Pub. Co.a

The Effects Of The Memory English Literature Essay

This essay is an effort to analyze the importance of memory in Cormac McCarthys The Road, which I consider that the memory plays a important function to remain alive or non in that revelatory universe. In order to make this, I will explicate the memories and the dreams of the adult male and of the child and so I will do a comparing between their memories and dreams. The Road tells us a narrative of a male parent and his boy in an revelatory universe, in which they have to be going to the South to happen a warmer clime. While they are in the travel the adult male remembers minutes, state of affairss, and memories of the yesteryear. He besides has dreams, which some of these are about his married woman. When he dreams with his married woman, he remembers her in different ways, some of them romantic and others anti-romantic. In the first dream for illustration he remembers her in a manner that can be romantic. his pale bride came to him out of green and leafy canopy. Her mammillas pipeclayed and her rib castanetss painted white. She wore a frock of gauze and her dark hair was carried up in combs of tusk, combs of shell. Her smiling, her downturned eyes. ( 17 ) . It seems a self-contradictory dream, a romantic dream in the center of that revelatory universe, where the dead is one of the closer things you have in your ideas. However the 2nd dream of with his married woman is non romantic, in contrast, is terrorizing. In his dream she was ill and he cared for her. The dream bore the expression of forfeit but he thought otherwise. He did non take attention of her and she died entirely someplace in the dark and there is no other dream nor other waking universe and there is no other narrative to state. ( 32 ) . I think the two dreams are deformed contemplations of the yesteryear. The first dream would be a romantic transition that he had with her before the revelatory universe, in which the nowadays is besides assorted, because she is described by words like pale bride, rib castanetss painted white like if she was dead. This romantic dream could sham felicity for him, but in world, that memory is merely aching him. He can non maintain believing about the yesteryear, because that is a weak point for his endurance. If he keeps believing in past memories, he will be distracted in the present. The 2nd dream is besides a memory when his married woman moves off from them to decease entirely. In this portion he is more realistic about the present and even if is a thirsty dream, is better for him because he has to separate the yesteryear from the present and the unreal ideas, from the existent 1s to concentrate more on endurance. At the beginning of the novel, the adult male and the male child has a conversation about retrieving and burying memories: -Just retrieve that the things you put into your caput are the forever. You might desire to believe about that. -You bury some things, dont you? – Yes. You forget what you want to retrieve and you remember what you want to bury. ( 11 ) Stating that, about retrieving and burying, we could believe that the beautiful, happy memories are traveling to be forgotten, and that the terrorization memories remembered. So why does he after that retrieve a perfect twenty-four hours of his childhood, This was the perfect twenty-four hours of his childhood ( 12 ) , when he was in a lake with his uncle in a boat? Like it is said, the happy and beautiful memories arent helpful to last because he is traveling to hold problems concentrating on endurance. But there could be another possibility about the happy dreams or happy memories, one that could be utile. That happy dreams or memory could assist the adult male to believe that there was a life before the revelatory universe, and may that can give him more strength to remain alive. The child besides has dreams, bad dreams. He was born in the revelatory universe, so all the memories he has are about that new universe, but that doesnt mean that is bad. There is a point in the novel that the male child dreams that his male parent dies, and the male parent Tells to him that the good dreams are traveling to concern him. When your dreams are of some universe that ne'er was or of some universe that ne'er will be and you are happy once more so you will be and you are happy once more so you will hold given up. ( 202 ) . Because when you dream something that you want, when you wake up, you will see that was merely a dream and that you will ne'er see that. So in that point, you will give up your gusto for life. About the bad dreams he didnt say anything, but we could believe that if the good dreams will give up your gusto for unrecorded, the bad 1s could intend that you want to populate. When he said that, we can believe that at the beginning of the novel, when he had the romantic dream and the memory of the perfect childhood twenty-four hours, that he was worried and may be that he wouldnt privation to remain alive. There are no memories about the child, merely dreams, so the lone comparing that we can do with his male parent is with the dreams. The childs dreams are ever bad dreams and the male parent dreams are bad and good. The child hasnt got any memories about the universe before the revelatory universe, so thats why he ever has bad dreams, and may be, thats is why he is non so much worried like his male parent, because he merely knows the new universe. In the other manus, the male parent has good and bad dreams. The good dreams are memories before the revelatory universe, and the bad 1s of the revelatory universe. Besides we can state that the male parent has dreams with his married woman and that the male child doesnt. We could state that the male child may hold forgotten all most all of her memories, because he ne'er dreams with her. In contrast, the adult male dreams with his married woman because he doesnt bury her. There is besides a minute when the adult male thinks about why they do nt maintain her in their lives. He thought about the image in the route and he thought that he should hold tried to maintain her in their lives in some manner but he didnt cognize how. ( 56 ) . If the adult male thinks that, could be because he wants to explicate what could be love for the child. In the class of the novel the male child is burying about her, he doesnt bury her at all but he remembers fewer times. Is traveling to go on the same with the male parent memories when he is dead? I think the child will retrieve a batch the adult male, more than his female parent, because the female parent wasnt in the journey with them ; she was with them merely in their house. So he will retrieve his male parent and that is traveling to assist him to last, because when he will retrieve his male parent, at the same clip he will retrieve the things that the male parent did to seek for nutrient, or a perfect site to kip. Apart from the adult male and his boy, there are more people in that revelatory universe, but some of them arent good people and the child and the male parent name them bad people. These individuals are the blood cults, brutal packs of man-eaters These people are wholly integrated in the new universe, they kill people, and they eat people I think that these people have wholly forgotten the former universe and besides that they have forgotten all the memories about that universe. They are non human existences, they are and they act like animate beings. There are besides good people, for illustration the 1s that the child meets when his male parent dies. These people still remembers the former universe and they still have memories of the yesteryear, and thats why they are good people, because the remember how to be human existences and non animate beings.

Address the three questions in bold Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Address the three questions in bold - Essay Example There are many components to this power distribution, but some of the more visible examples include the research and manufacturing of medical technology, massive pharmaceutical corporations, and the control of medical insurance/management. Some of the forces allowing the privatization of healthcare include historically consistent opposition to government interference and healthcare reform, the decline of programs like Medicare, and the high cost of medicine including materials and salaries that can be met by wealthy corporations. Private businesses have not always been in control of healthcare systems. Physicians were largely independent prior to government interference near the dawn of the 20th century (US Department of Health and Human Services, 2011). Working within regulations, physicians became highly paid and respected professionals in the 1920s (PBS, 2011). At the same time, private insurance began to find an audience due to the increasingly high costs of healthcare. Costs continued to rise through the of the century as more advanced pharmaceuticals and procedures are introduced. Insurance rates increased with these expenses, giving rise to federally endorsed HMOs (health maintenance organizations) in the 1970s. It was not until the 1980s that corporate American began to gain primary control of the healthcare system. Hospitals, pharmaceuticals, research labs, and many other components of the system were becoming businesses (if they werent already) and more people found themselves unable to afford health insurance. These trends continue to accelerate (Fisher, Bynum, and Skinner, 2009). Examining the evolution of healthcare control provides valuable insight for current health care administrators. Evaluating and optimizing the operation of a healthcare organization must include a comprehensive consideration of the forces involved. Operating as a business, a healthcare organization must account for and minimize costs at every

Do male Bulgarian citizens travel further and more frequently abroad Essay

Do male Bulgarian citizens travel further and more frequently abroad then female citizens - Essay Example The present study would focus on tourism as an important economic activity in the contemporary society with various social, cultural, and environmental impacts on the visited regions. It is among the developing sectors of economic activities in the contemporary world. The countries in Europe have different characteristics that can be advantageous in respect to tourism. Most of the countries of the Central and Eastern Europe experienced communist rule up to the late 1980s and early 1990s when they transitioned into the Western models. Bulgaria is one of the countries in Southeast Europe. In 2010, Bulgaria was ranked position 27 in Europe and position 48 in the world in terms of Tourism Competitiveness Index (TCI). The country recognizes its beaches, countryside, nature parks, mountain resorts, and wines as some of the tourist attractions. It also has cheap transport systems that are favorable for tourism. Bulgaria is rapidly opening into the international scene since the fall of commu nist era in 1989 and with the emergence of socialist rule that promote a socially active tourism in the country. The Bulgarians have increasingly shown interest in the other attractive features that are not within their borders was well as experience for other cultures. International departures from Bulgaria have shown an increasing trend (rising by 16.8% in 2002) and about 25% could be attributed to tourism by 2002. (Bulgaria: Market Profile, 62). Tourism to a given region can be determined by the endowment of the region and the financial abilities of the different individuals as well as their tastes and preferences. Thus, the males may have the ability to make frequent visits to several destinations across the globe as compared to the females. The main question to be addressed in the research is â€Å"Do male Bulgarian citizens travel further and more frequently abroad then female citizens?† The investigation is expected to reveal that males travel more frequently and to fu rther regions than the females. As hypotheses to the study, it is initially assumed that the male Bulgarian citizens travel further abroad than the female citizens do and that they make frequent visits abroad than the female citizens. Method(s) of investigation The study was conducted in Bulgaria, a country in southeast Europe that borders other European countries like Romania, Croatia, Greece, Macedonia and Serbia as well as Turkey from West Asia as shown in Figure.1. Figure.1. Map of Bulgaria Source: http://www.infoplease.com/atlas/country/bulgaria.html The information that was appropriate in answering these particular questions was to be sought from the Native Bulgarians. Research was carried out at three distinct locations Sofia, Burgas, and Sunny Beach along the coastal Burgas-Varna road. The information on non-nationals of Bulgaria would not be appropriate and hence these were ignored whenever they were encountered. The information to be sought was whether the Bulgarians (bein g interviewed) had left the country at least at a certain point for a holiday trip. In the event that the individuals had been out of the country for holiday purposes, he or she would specify the country of destination and the frequency of such visits. Together with the sexes, these would suffice to determine whether males traveled to further regions and more frequently than females or not. Besides, only data collected from Sofia was used in determining the validity of the initial assumption. This is because as the capital city, it is likely that more city dwellers who are natives will be approached and interviewed. The groups developed a questionnaire that was be used for the interview. The participants had to provide details of their nationality and other demographic information like sex age group. The data collection materials were issued in English and Bulgarian, as these were

Education Funding Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Education Funding - Research Paper Example From its beginnings, debate and contention has surrounded the funding of education: with primarily imbalances and inequities being pointed to as major problems within the US education system. The initial legislation making Federal support possible was enacted in 1965, with the Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA) according to which federal grants could support elementary and secondary schoolchildren from lower-income families. At the same time, the federal funds were directed towards school libraries, textbooks, education centers and services, State education agencies, research in education, and professional development for education staff (Spellings, 2005, website). Again in 2001 federal funding was allocated to national education with the No Child left behind Act of 2001 (NCLB) intending to ensure that the achievement levels of all students, nationwide, are raised, and that the achievement gap across the nation is narrowed (Federal Education Budget Project website (febp), 2011). Notably, historical court decisions have continually favored the idea that American education should be made more equal. The United States Supreme Court (USSC) decision in the Brown v. Board of Education overturned on constitutional grounds, for example, the â€Å"separate, but equal† court decision in the Plessy v. Ferguson (1896). The outcome of the San Antonio v. Rodriguez (1973) case went further in this move toward equalization of education, by recognizing education as a fundamental right, and this meant that States had to fund education equitably. But in the matter of increased funding for education, the courts have been less successful. The courts are able to interpret and rule on existing law, but cannot in effect change it. Funding for K-12 education is legislated, not judicially determined. The education funding issue it appears will have to be solved by the interest groups surrounding it – the parents, administrators, teachers and legislators who feel the effects of changes in educational funding most directly (Sanchez, 2011). And the consistently decreasing federal and State spend on education is clear to observe. By the 2004-2005 financial year federal spending on education was estimated to be $536 billion, an allocation that exceeded national tax-spend on defense (Spellings, 2005, website); in 2010, the education discretionary budget was $64.1 billion; and in 2011, the request for the 2012-13 financial year for the discretionary education budget is $77.4 billion (U.S. Department of Education website (A), 2011). In nominal terms, educational funding actually declined between 2006 and 2008, and thanks to economic stimulus legislation, showed a one-year real growth in only in 2009 (febp website, 2011). At the end of 2010, though, the federal stimulus money had been spent. States faced serious shortages, and anticipated that they would have to lay off thousands, and cancel numerous popular school programs in many States. Although they had saved teachers’ jobs, States had cut their own expenditure on education, and replaced these shortfalls in their budgets with stimulus money (Cavanagh & Hollingsworth, 2011). With the current view that reform rather than increased spending is the route to take, and that federal subsidies will continue to be cut for the foreseeable future, opposition to the direction being taken by the Obama administration’s proposals has been widespread. An important group of

Analysis of American Eagle Outfitters Research Paper

Analysis of American Eagle Outfitters - Research Paper Example he company’s auditor, the research will draw from the current financial statements for the year ending February 2013 in an attempt to identify the name of the audit firm, whether the audit firm issued a combined for separate reports, the type of audit opinion provided and the auditor’s view about internal control over fiscal reporting. AEO is a retailer company whose main business activity is clothing and accessories sold under its own private label brands. Its main products include footwear, apparel, personal care, accessories and lingerie, which is offered in a multi-brand targeting people in different ages. The American Eagle Outfitters most common brand targets both female and male aged 15 to 25 years. It most popular products are polo shirts, low-rise jeans, swimwear, graphic T-shirts, Henley shirts, briefs and boxers. The aerie lingerie brand targets females aged 15-21 years and it offers a variety of female wears including undergarments, dorm-wear, loungewear, sleepwear and active apparel. The company has experienced misfortunes while marketing its brands. For instance, failure of success by the Martin + Osa stand alone lifestyle concept brand led to its closure in 2006. It targeted women and men aged 28-40 years. Furthermore, its latest brand, 77 kids, which targeted children aged 2-10 years was also sold after experiencing after tax losses in 2012. American Eagle Outfitters has a worldwide presence in a number of international countries. The company has expanded to Canada, Puerto Rico, Egypt, Tokyo, Moscow, Dubai and Kuwait where it sells its clothing brands. With over nine hundred stores and 148 Aerie stand-alone stores, this clothing retailer is one of the largest in U.S having acquired revenues of $ 3.48 billions in FY 2013 (United States Securities And Exchange Commission-FY 2013). AEO is a public company; therefore, it is required by law to appoint an independent external auditor to audit its financial statements. This is also a requirement

STRATEGIC OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT(EBUs602) ASSIGNMENT Essay

STRATEGIC OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT(EBUs602) ASSIGNMENT - Essay Example By reducing the order delivery time, they will decrease fluctuations as well as costs and inventory levels (Wangphanich, Kara, & Kayis, 2010: p4508). P&G then turned their attention to POS purchases at their main distributors and retailers to track ordering trends and preferences respectively. Using a point-of-sale system will allow P&G to identify trends and improve communication along the chain of supply (Wang et al. 2012, p. 120). P&G also sought to get the main retailers to reduce their order sizes relative to demand. Ordering according to the needs of the consumer, rather than to stock, will aid P&G in attenuating the impact of the bullwhip effect (Wangphanich, Kara, & Kayis, 2010: p4509). P&G then utilised the improved communication and forecasting to maintain consistency in price. This will prevent increased ordering when prices are low, lessening the bullwhip effect (Wang et al. 2012, p. 120). Other approaches that P&G could have taken include: Portfolio planning, in which th ey could diversify the distributor base into a group that is on long-term contract terms to meet the major demand, and others on short-term contract terms to cover any increase in demand (Gupta & Mishra 2012, p. 27). Postponement, in which they would delay delivery of the product to their distributors until they have reliable information on demand (Gupta & Mishra 2012, p. 28). Q #2 The demand–supply gap at Cisco occurred for a number of reasons: When supply is exceeded by demand, the manufacturers such as Xilinx produced more components for the consumers, who may have ordered more products than required to generate profit. After supply caters to normal demand, orders may be cancelled, which results in unwanted inventory (Thompson & Liang-Chieh 2012, p. 120). A gap between demand and forecasting may also have caused the demand–supply gap, especially if Cisco’s planning team forecasted demand through extrapolation of demand at present. Small fluctuations result fr om long lead-time extrapolation, which ends up having a huge impact on the demand–supply gap (Akkermans & Voss 2013, p. 770). Use of batch orders for small and frequent orders may have been made to reduce storage costs or logistics. This could result in increased demand variability compared to supply (Thompson & Liang-Chieh 2012, p. 121). Price fluctuations due to anticipation that there will be a price increase could have led to items being stocked up to capitalise on low prices. This leads to variation between supply and demand (Akkermans & Voss 2013, p. 771). These arrangements could have resulted in a pileup of Cisco’s inventory, as forecasters did not notice artificial inflation within their projections. Since many of the company’s clients ordered similar products from competitors so as to close the deal with the company that delivered on their orders first, Cisco’s demand forecasts were inflated by triple and double orders (Thompson & Liang-Chieh 20 12, p. 121). Their supply chain management system was unable to indicate the increased demand. This was representative of overlapping orders, leading to a vicious cycle of demand that was inflated artificially, increased costs, and poor communication along their chain of supply (Akkermans & Voss 2013, p. 771). For these reasons, it is clear that the biggest problem had to do with poor communication across the chain of supply. To counter this, Cisco integrated an

Critically discuss the development of green and ethical accounting Essay

Critically discuss the development of green and ethical accounting practices as a new accounting discipline - Essay Example 36). Anticipations of high principles of ethical corporate conduct are rising as corporations face economic and legal penalties for pursuing illegal and unethical practices. Businesses cause environmental degradation, which have negative impacts on society. Environmental degradation is an ethical concern among businesses and society. As a result, businesses have developed corporate strategies in order to address the growing concern of unethical behavior such as environmental degradation (Gowthorpe & Blake 1998, p. 178). This paper seeks to discuss the development of environmental and ethical bookkeeping practices as a new bookkeeping discipline. Green and Ethical Accounting Practices The advantage of corporate environmental bookkeeping initiative is recognized the capability, to establish and create consciousness regarding expenditures related to surroundings, which in turn assists in identifying the methods for avoiding and reducing such costs. This corporate environmental initiativ e has assisted in the improvement of the environment. The ecological costs that arise as a result of the financial results of a company’s operation may be established by means of environmental bookkeeping tool. The operational performance of an organization may be established with an aid of certain processes such as documentation and exposure of emissions of conservatory gases (Farouk, Cherian & Jacob 2012, p. 37). Aronson and Lofgren (2010, p. 21) argue that society commends for the ecological responsible conduct from businesses and government by investigating the environmental degradation and tragedies of world’s ecosystem. Businesses are given this responsibility by the society for solving the ethical troubles by considering either preserving the environment or promoting their profit. Wells (2013, p. 13) argues that there ought to be homogeneous and quantitative measures with an aim of controlling the business activities polluting the surroundings before executing a condition in which businesses are required to clean the effluence emitted by them. It is better preventing environmental degradation rather than avoiding since most of the ecological damages may not be restructured. Wells (2013, p. 18) recommends the establishment of environmental bookkeeping system in order to avert environmental degradation. The system deems the monetary measures, which have an impact on energy generation and utilization on environment. As a result of the process, the energy plant that highly affects natural resources is deemed and consequent actions needed are conducted. He also recommends that ethical predicaments may be resolved when ecological stewardship is put in terms of monetary way, and that achieves extra significance from business. The significance of the ecological predicaments has been augmented, as a result, of the continuous degradation of ecosystem and increasing ecological tragedies. Schaltergger & Burritt (2000, p. 44) argues that in order to en tail ecological predicaments in normal life it is imperative to consider these predicaments with respect to legal, technical, economic, financial and accounting levels. In view of the ecological factors in terms of the economy for instance costs of products and services,

Landmark Decisions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Landmark Decisions - Assignment Example The rulings were important in shaping application of the constitution in practical terms (Plessy v. Ferguson) and also in securing the rights of the accused person in protecting his or her innocence (Miranda v. Arizona). Introduction In the Plessy v. Ferguson case, Homer Plessy challenged the Louisiana law requiring that black and white people ride in separate coaches on trains. His argument was that the 14th Amendment of the constitution was meant to guarantee equal protection and due process under the law. However the Supreme Court ruled that segregation under state law was constitutional as long as the facilities provided for the different races were equal. This â€Å"separate but equal† ruling sets the stage for segregation laws that stayed in force for the next 60 years. In the Miranda v. The Arizona Supreme Court held that an accused person’s confession was not to be admitted in court if it was found that he or she was not informed of their right to counsel or hav ing themselves protected against self-incrimination. It forms the basis of the Miranda warnings that are issued up to the present day before any interrogation by an arrested person is initiated (Landmark Rulings of the United States Supreme Court, n.d.). 1. The Plessy v. ... In passing the ruling, Justice Henry Brown noted that the â€Å"Separate but equal† statute merely implied a legal distinction between black and white and that it did not violate the Amendment because it could not have been intended to abolish distinctions based on race or to enforce social equality. As far as the majority Justices were concerned, as long as the statute did not discriminate against the black population politically and merely sought to enforce social order then it was legal and constitutional. This very narrow interpretation of the constitution was entirely in line with the thinking at the time and was accepted and endorsed by all except one of the judges of the Supreme Court (Amar, 2011). In the Miranda v. Arizona ruling, the appellant had objected to the use of a confession that had been made without the accused being made aware of their Fifth Amendment rights (the right to not involuntarily incriminate oneself) and also on this Sixth Amendment right (the rig ht to legal counsel, provided free of charge if the accused cannot afford it). The Supreme Court ruling was a landmark in the way accused persons are questioned prior to being charged in court. It also made the reading of the accused’s rights a mandatory requirement. Initially there was fear that this decision would lead to as one of the justices said, the setting free of killers, rapists and other criminals who would then go out and commit crime again but it also emphasized the doctrine of presumption of innocence, a key constitutional right (Schauer, 2013). 1A. In the Plessy v. Ferguson ruling, the lone dissenting voice was of Associate Justice John Marshall Harlan of Kentucky who held that the constitution is color

Disability in the Workplace Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Disability in the Workplace - Research Paper Example People living with disabilities have been cited as the most disadvantaged in employment and this paper focuses on discrimination against people with disabilities in the workplace. The legislation against this form of discrimination, particularly the Americans with Disabilities Act, ADA would be evaluated and compared to its revised version referred to as the ADA Amendments Act, ADAAA which sought to clarify contentious issues in its predecessor. Treatment of people unfairly in particular respects amounts to discrimination and would happen because of people’s prejudiced or stereotypical beliefs about other persons based on their attributes or personal characteristics. Chou and Choi further define workplace discrimination as the variation in treatment pegged on an individual’s characteristics â€Å"which impairs or nulliï ¬ es fairness of treatment or opportunity in the workplace† (1052). Repa (253) gives examples of illegal discrimination as discriminations based on race, skin color, religious beliefs and nationality. Robin (2) points out at sexual harassment as a rampant form of discrimination especially in workplaces. Other recent forms of discrimination considered to be illegal include discrimination based on one’s HIV/AIDS status, pregnancy, being divorced, lesbian or gay. Some other forms of workplace discrimination prohibited by the Americans with Disabilities Act include discrimination ba sed on mental or physical disability, job applicant’s present and past medical conditions and creation of worksites that pose physical barriers to movement of the physically handicapped (Goodman-Delahunty & Foote 27). Treating everyone equally also amounts to discrimination. However, there are exemptions for discrimination such that they do not amount to being illegal, but only if for a specific purpose. These exemptions allow for employers to recruit from a particular race, sex or age when these

Poetry and Sonnet Essay Example for Free

Poetry and Sonnet Essay Sonnet by bill Collins is a great example of modern day sonnets. The sonnet has everything that a sonnet should acquire to be considered a sonnet. In this sonnet Bill Collins seems to criticize the sonnet form of Shakespeare. Also, in the sonnet of Bill Collins he puts many allusions in his sonnets. For example, in the beginning of the sonnet where he mentions in an alliteration form in line 3 where you get the allusion of the story troy; to launch a little ship on loves storm-tossed seas. The next allusion when he mentions A famous sonnet writer named Petrarch in line 12, as well as the final last allusion motioned towards the end of the sonnet in line 13, where he mentions shake spears act called Twelfth night. The first allusion in bill Collins sonnet is in the beginning of the poem. In this allusion he writes; launch a little ship on loves storm-tossed seas. (Collins, sonnet line 3) Researching this line of the sonnet you find the phase to be the story of troy. According to phrase finder, the phrase of the line is a reference to the mythological figure Helen of Troy Her abduction by Paris was said to be the reason for a fleet of a thousand ships to be launched into battle, initiating the Trojan Wars. (Phrase finder, web) The idea of bill Collins adding this into the sonnet is because he is showing from the beginning of the sonnet the love of the poem, which is needed for an iambic pentameter. In the next allusion in the poem Sonnet by Bill Collins, he mentions Petrarch. According to Petrarch biography, Petrarch is an Italian poet who is best known for the Iyric poetry of his Canzoniere named Lura and is considered one of the greatest love poets of world literature. (Your dictionary, web) In addition, according to Peter Sadlon, Lura was a married woman. As a result, for being a married woman Lura would turn down all advances Petrarch had made towards her. (Sadlon, web) For this reason bill Collins decided to add the allusion of Petrarch towards the Volta stage. This is because towards the end of Bill Collins sonnet, he wants to point out that Petrarch will never gain the love of his canzoniere. The final allusion Bill Collins writes; take off those crazy medieval  tights.( Collins, sonnet line 13) This line in the sonnet is reference towards Shakespeare act called Twelfth night. According to the summery of no sweat shake pear, Malvolio was teased into putting on tights by some tricksters, after believing the widowed queen could fall for him.(no sweat shakespear,web) In addition, at the end of the act Shakespeare speaks of the madness of love. As a result, bill Collins add this line to his sonnet to signal the ending of the sonnet. To conclude, Bill Collins poem called sonnet was filled with many allusion and is a perfect example of modern day poems. His work followed the rules of an iambic pentameter. It seemed like he criticized the poetry of Shakespeare but yet he made meaning to the sonnet filled with love of other acts, famous writers and sonnets.

Victim Rights Person

Victim Rights Person Victims Rights Introduction A victim is a person who has received injuries whether physical or emotionally when a crime is committed. This will include people who are physical assaulted, kidnapped, sexual assaulted, involved in domestic violence, a child abuse, a person at a motor vehicle accident or incident where a crime occurs, or get injured emotionally by witnessing this incidents. They can also be injured by another crime committed for example homicide, robbery or robbery with violence. A person who is victimized is also faced with psychologically problems he/she may lose clear line of thinking and becomes overwhelmed. In most cases the victim loses money or may be injured. The worst of all is the emotional pain that the victim undergoes. The victimized close relatives and friends can also suffer both psychologically and emotionally. It was also noted that, stress, fear, anxiety and a lot of tension is experienced by family members. The rights of the victim is an old issue that dates back since time of independence, In words for senator Feinstein, he points out that at the time of constitutions adoption, they was a few public prosecutors and crime victims were taken as parties and had to represent themselves. The founders of the nation did not have special protections given to the criminal victims. They did not foresee the modern ways where a public prosecutor acts independent of the crime victim. Nevertheless, as time passed changes in the criminal law occurred and victims had to be respected and given their rights. Accordingly, the public support also was awakened and victims rights protections become a public issue. This was witnessed in Maryland in 1994 when voters voted for state constitutional amendments that protects the right of the victim. The amendment passed by 92 percent of the total vote. This set the trend in many states as 33 states have various constitutional amendments that seek to protect victi ms. Currently all the 50 states at least have some kind of victims rights measures on the court level. As per statistics given by the department of justice, over 5 million violent crimes occur in America per year. This number is so big and human rights activists and politicians have for over 20 years been campaigning for these victims rights in the way the criminal justices process are carried on. Some of the rights they seek are: Victims should have a right to receive a public notice of events related to his criminal prosecution; this can be bail hearing date, the trial date, the sentencing date or even a parole hearing date. Victims should have a right to be present and hear the courts proceedings during their cases. They should also be heard during this process. The victims should have a right to be notified in case the criminal who victimized the victim is released on parole or he/she makes an escape from prison. Victims should be assured of their safety before a criminal is released on parole by the courts or when the criminal is released by courts. The victim should have a right to be protected against long delays caused in criminal prosecutions. The aim of these rights was to ensure that the victims are given legitimate attention consideration. This campaign and pressure lead to the passage of Victims of Crime Legislation, Bill 23, 1995; which states that, victims are entailed to the following rights: they should be shown respect, politeness and kindness. That, they should be updated on the court process about their cases. They should also be given information concerning services remedies. The victims should be informed the dates of important proceedings. That the victims should be informed when an offender is released pardoned or escapes. The victims should be interviewed by same gender officer in case the victim is sexual assaulted. The victim has a right to be compensated for injuries suffered. And that incase there was loss of property and it is recovered it should be returned without any delay. Lastly the victim should be able to be represented in the court by writing a victim impact statement. Any where, these rights have to be enforced by the courts to make them work and protect the victim. Otherwise they will be just mere words on paper. In a study carried out by National Victim Center, it found out that many victims still were being denied their rights. This occurred even in those states seen as having a strong legal protection. For example the study found out that a big number of victims from â€Å"strong† and â€Å"weak† states did not receive a notification during different stages of court process. As for bail hearing (those not notified in strong states were 37 percent and in weak states were 57 percent); as for pretrial release of suspects (the number was 62 percent in strong states and 74 percent in weak states for those who were not notified); and for sentencing hearings (those who were not notified were 45 percent in strong states and 70 in weak states). In a another report which was related to this, it was found out that racial minorities were the most serious affected by being denied their victims rights protection. According to observations, victims like to be involved in the justice process. Of particular interest is their always like to be notified of the process of their cases. Victims felt left out and were angry because they were not given information about the way their cases are progressing. It was also noted that, many victims do not want to interfere with the courts. As a victim is also important that the victim is not forces into accepting some justice program that has not chosen. However the question that is asked is whether the victims rights campaign is that necessary and important? Many people have a feeling that crime has increased for the last thirty years. Various studies carried out show an average individual (even those who have not been victimized) live in a regular fear of being victimization. Sadly, the fear of this people is true. This is because total number of crimes in United States has increased by 300% since 1965 to the present day. While violent crime has escalated to more than 600%. This has lead to a very large financial burden to the nation. As it is approximated that $450 billion is spend on crime every year. And that, 1.8 million days are lost in terms of work days, which translates to more than $55 million lost in terms of wages. It is also interesting to note that, as the laws to protect the Victims rights are passed, the crime increases. It was also noted that the percentage of those who repeated to commit a crime was high. A study carried out by University of Pennsylvania revealed that 67% of total crime committed in the nation was carried by a mere 10% of the criminal population. In other cases, the perpetrators hunted and victimized their victim for the second time. This is thought to be a result of the perpetrators not being given harsh penalties or as a result of more liberal laws which seems to give criminals a sense that the government is soft on them and their more rights than those of the victims. These facts are chilling and the problem is touching each community. The Department of Justice shows the America is the one with highest number of violent crimes than any other country. It is estimated that the homicide crime is five times that of Europe while the Juvenile crime rate is seven times more t han that of Europe or Japan. Looking at possibility of being a victim in1996, a survey carried out by Gallup poll, showed that women feared most being victims than men. The number was 57% of women as compared to men who were at 43%. The research also found out that non white people were the one more concerned about becoming victims than the whites. The numbers were 74.8% against 46.6%. It was also noted that few people had confidence in the justice system. It is also apparent that victims are most likely not to report a crime if the perpetrator is someone they know personal. Those victims who are violently attacked are highly likely to report the crime to police if the perpetrator is a stranger. The group which is likely not to report a crime is that of young children aged between 12 and 19. For the purpose of this paper, we will examine a research carried out by The Bouverie centre, Victorias Family Institute using a method of confrontative interview. The confrontational interview carried out in response to critics from the feminist about family therapy in the area of sexual abuse. The interview is designed to address issue of control and power in a situation of victim- perpetrator relationship. In this interview the survivor is allowed to face the person who abused her and face the impact of the abuse to her life. In the interview the perpetrator sits and listens as the victim narrates her feeling. The confrontative interview is where by the victim meets her/his perpetrators, on sexual abused victims the survivors offered different answers. The research was based on four young women, who had been repeatedly sexually abused by men. In was observed that all of the four women were disturbed and even had suicidal thoughts and suffered from severe depression. The women all developed risk behaviors as two shoplifted and the other got involved in pretty crimes. One woman started abusing drugs. Each of the women reported having recurring nightmares, and a lot of fear and mistrust. It was also noted that one victim wet her bed. The research further revealed that each of the victims experienced a sense of inferior, self loathing, shame and felt responsible for the abuse. From the study it was noted that the difficult part was that of the victim accepting the abuse and knowing that she was a victim and was not to blame. According to Karren, a participant she notes that, she could not turn back because she had experienced feeling responsible. Another participant, Cate said that it was a very enormous task when it came to breaking the news to her mother. Another participant, Army described the experience as feeling stronger, he felt like she has conquered something. It was noted that all four women felt more clear when it came to the matter of responsibility upon the contfrontative interview. When the perpetrators where seen physical and when they admitted being quilt had a lot of impact on the victims. It was much important when took the responsibility. According to Cate and Karren they were less troubled and got more focused and stable in their thoughts. The interview also provided a confrontation between the victim and the perpetrator, which lead to a powerful impact on the side of the victims; they experienced a sense of externalizing the pain they suffered. And the experience of knowing who was responsible for their suffering. As the women narrated their anger and emotional turmoil they have undergone, the confrontation offered a dignified opportunity to repair their feelings. They felt that they had triumphed and reclaimed their self identity The outcome of this study was very encouraging, it leads to reduction of nightmares, self doubt, gave the victims more stability and improved their self esteem and a sense of well being. As all four women agreed the interview was used to reduce the trauma they felt. Nevertheless, the interview had its shortcoming and did not provide an immediate solution to those victimized. Each of the four women at the centre had to continue with therapy and in the months that followed they made statements to the police and the police have laid criminal charges against the perpetrators. Although, this was not the main aim of the study, the women opened up during the interview. For example Amy after realizing that she was a saviors and an innocent person who was sexually assaulted commented that, the fact that sexual abuse is wrong when done to you, and that it is a criminal offence done to you and you are just a victim is so much. And it is more important if your family is there to support you. Fro m this study it is important for the victims to come out and be heard. Conclusion Although the Victims rights issue is a very controversial debate, as many laws about the â€Å"rights of accused† and â€Å"rights of offender,† result in the victim feeling that he/she is not secure. It is paramount that the victims should be given their rights and the necessary protection they require. However these rights must be enforced by the courts to be meaningfully. However, as studies show that more rights do not reduce crime, it should be noted that, more rights result in respect and fair treatment of the victims. It is also clear that those who have been victimized require proper therapy and assistance to be able to live a normal life and be able to regain their lost dignity. In the words of Bill Clinton president of America, the government will continue to amend the crime Victims Rights by giving violent crime victims access to information and other rights, but the same time protect the rights of defendants. References Anita, B., and John, P. (1997): Improving Community Response to Crime Victims: An Eight-Step Model for Developing Protocol. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications Congressional Record, (April 25, 2000): (106th Cong., 2nd Sess.), at S2822 (discussing academic research on yearly American criminal prosecutions). Morris, A., Maxwell, G., and Robertson, J. (1993): Giving victims a voice: A New Zealand experiment. Howard Journal of Criminal Justice, 32(4), 301-321. Resick, P. (1987): Psychological effects of victimization: Implications for the criminal justice system. Crime Delinquency, 33(4), 468-478. Roach, K. (1999): Due process and victims rights, Toronto: University of Toronto Press. U.S. Department of Justice, Office for Victims of Crime, New Directions from the Field: Victims Rights, and Services for the 21st Century at 10 (1998); see Committee Report at 13-15.

Recognizing Abuse and Self Harm in Service Users

Recognizing Abuse and Self Harm in Service Users Abuse is a violation of an individuals human and civil rights by any other person or persons, consisting in single or repeated acts, may occur in any relationship and any context, some instances of abuse will constitute a criminal offence. A definition of abuse in vulnerable adults was given in 1997 Consultation Paper â€Å"Who Decide† by the Lord Chancellors Department, who said that any person who is or may by in need of community care service by reason of mental or other disability, age or illness, who is or may be unable to take care or protect of him/herself against significant harm or exploitation. Types of abuse include: physical or sexual; emotional/psychological, including that related to age, race, gender, sexuality, culture or religion; financial; institutional; self neglect; neglect by others. The vulnerable adults could be abused by a wide range of people, including multidisciplinary team in health care setting, family, friends, strangers, one in four vulnerable elders are at risk of abuse and only a small proportion of this is currently detected. The NHS and Community Care Act 1990, have eligibile criteria for those who suffer or cause harm or exploitation. The role and responsibility of every member from multidisciplinary team is to collaborate effective in identifying, investigating and responding to allegation of abuse. This must start from staff as a operational level, line manager, corporate authority, chief executives and to the local authority members. In the case of Stafford Hospital scandal, were found many forms of abuse against people. There was a complete failure of management what led to a totally unacceptable failure to treat emergency patients safely and with dignity. The low staffing levels, inadequate nursing, lack of equipment, lack of leadership, poor training and ineffective systems for identifying when things went wrong. Some other problems was that the patients arriving at AE department were checked by unqualified receptionist, nurses have no trained to use vital equipment in emergency assessment unit, not enough staff to provide health assistance, not supervision for quality of care, unacceptable waiting time in AE without assistance and no experienced surgeon for the night shift, patients left crying for help, not food and drinks being left out of reach. Cite by BBC it said that â€Å"there were between 400 and 1,200 more deaths than would have been expected between 2005 and 2008, although it is impossible to say all of these patients would have survived if they had received better treatment†. A case of people who wanting answers include a 79 years old person whom wife 73 years old, died five weeks after she were admitted at Stafford hospital in February 2009. She was suffering from dementia and was taken ill with dehydration and an infection and had to be taken to the hospitals AE department. At first checking the medical staff didnt find anything wrong with her and sent her home, but she came back few days later. The husband complaint was because during her five weeks in hospital the only treatment received was a disgrace, she was left wet, not washed, ignored by the staff members and he decided, unfortunately too late, to move her in to the care home setting. A similarity of abusing vulnerable adults is the case of Whipps Cross University Hospital in east London hospital, where three healthcare assistants who abused elderly patients have been sentenced. Whipps Cross Univeristy Hospital provides a full range of general inpatient, outpatient and day case services, elderly patients suffering from dementia and recovering from operations, strokes and falls, as well as maternity services and a 24-hour Emergency Department and Urgent Care Centre. The hospital has a strong reputation as a centre of excellence for various specialist services, including urology, ENT, audiology, cardiology, colorectal surgery, cancer care and acute stroke care.The abuse happened in spring of last year on the Beech Ward at Whipps Cross Hospital in east London,and came out when one of student nurse LB, blew the whistle after completing a placement on the hospital’s Beech Ward. At NHS control were uncovered a large range of failings at a London hospital includin g dirty equipment, poor hygiene standards, staff not assisting patients with eating or drinking, not feeding tube were done, not given medication at request and a high mortality rate. Some of the wards had to share equipment which come in conflict with infection control, and this led to sores pressures developed in five patients after admission. The three healthcare assistants worked on Beech Ward at Whipps Cross employed to carry out basic feeding and washing duties, have been suspended by the hospital and barred from working anywhere in the NHS while an urgent investigation is conducted by police and hospital bosses. They had physically and verbally abuse patients, telling them to shut up, handling them in a non professional manner, grabbing sore or painful areas of patients, pushing them and forcing to sit in chairs, make the patients believed that it was due to their conditions. The care professionals damaged patient trust and not followed the quality of care for the elderly and vulnerable at Whipps Cross. Outline the vulnerability of these patients, follow the codes of practice, the duty of every member of staff to report such behavior, whistle blowing policy is made clear to all staff on day one of their employment with the Trust, with ongoing statutory and mandatory training to those that providing care professionally. In order to protect our clients of harm and abuse we had to review the risks factors by monitoring and evaluating how policies, procedures and practices are working in the workshop and receiving feedback. Work with person- centred care value, promoting empowerment, prevention and managing risk but keep a balance between managing risk and enabling independence, choice and control. Recognize and explain the new signs of abuse or potential abuse in vulnerable adults must be the basis of developing outcome measures which can be used by service users and service providers in monitor and evaluate service provision regarding safety and protection generally speaking. References C. Cooper, A. Selwwod G. Livingson, Oxford Journal, Age Ageing, (2008), The prevalence of elder abuse and neglect: a systematic review, Vol.37, Issue 2, Pp.151-160 E. Salend, R.A. Kane, M. Satz J. Pynoos, Oxford Journal, The Gerontologist, Elder Abuse Reporting: Limitations of Statutes1, Vol24, Issue 1, Pp61-69 Links: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/politics_show/8022608.stm, checked 09.03.2014 http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/8531441.stm, checked 09.03.2014 http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-11696735, checked 09.03.2014 http://www.bartshealth.nhs.uk/our-hospitals/whipps-cross-university-hospital/, checked 08.03.2014 http://www.guardian series.co.uk/news/10461128.Whipps_Cross_nurse_left_dementia_patients__screaming_in_pain_/ ,checked 08.03.2014 http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-23808971, checked 08.03.2014 https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/194272/No_secrets__guidance_on_developing_and_implementing_multi-agency_policies_and_procedures_to_protect_vulnerable_adults_from_abuse.pdf ,checked 08.09.2014

I’m Not Chinese Anymore and I’m Never Going to be an American Essay

I’m Not Chinese Anymore and I’m Never Going to be an American I could open this piece with a clear statement, a thesis or controlling idea of some sort—a brief preview for you, my reader, of what is to come and what is to be told. However, I won't. Instead, please close your eyes for a minute—just for a minute—and imagine yourself sitting before a young East Asian girl. You know she's East Asian because of her black hair, off-white skin, a pair of ebony eyes and a nose that is just a bit too flat to be mistaken for an Indian. Sitting in an armchair with her left arm supporting her cheek, she stares at you for a little while then starts to speak—slowly, thoughtfully, almost tonelessly: "I was born in China and came to United States about four years ago, when I was thirteen. I had no idea what the world was then, even though I thought I did. And this very moment, four years later, I still have no idea what the world is. I've seen more parts of it, true. But the puzzle pieces refuse to come together somehow. People often ask me if I'm a Chinese living in America or an American born in China. An unanswerable question, yet how can you hope to understand life without knowing who you are? I am not Chinese anymore; there is no purpose in denying it. But I am not—and I don't want to be—an American. Not completely†¦not like this." Now open your eyes, silently think for a few moments about what she said, and return to my words—or rather, echoes of someone else'. "†¦Being Mexican-American is tough. The Anglos jump all over you if you don't speak English perfectly. Mexicans jump all over you if you don't speak Spanish perfectly. We gotta be twice as perfect as everyone else," so said a character from the 1997 hit movie "Selena."... ...n prom queen: A bookish girl, I've always been awkward in crowds, and people's first impression of me usually is that of a nervous, withdrawn little creature. An unfortunate gift from the past, you may call it, shaped by years of stern guidance and harsh social opinions. But all those years are gone, no matter how happy or gloomy they may be. I don't seek to relive the past, I simply need to make peace with it and somehow move on, as myself, under the sunlight of Manhattan and the shadows created by its glorious skyscrapers. Works Cited Cofer, Judith Ortiz. "Silent Dancing." Encounters: Essays for Exploration and Inquiry. Pat C. Hoy II and Robert DiYanni. New York: McGraw-Hill. Golden, Arthur. Memoirs of a Geisha. New York: Random House. 1999. Selena. Dir. Gregory Nava. Pref. Jennifer Lopez. Becky Lee Meza. Edward James Olmos. Warren Brothers. 1997.

“Ships at a Distance”: Dreams in Their Eyes Were Watching God Essay

Zora Neale Hurston opens Their Eyes Were Watching God with an eloquent metaphor regarding dreams: â€Å"Ships at a distance have every man’s wish on board. For some they come in with the tide. For others, they sail forever on the horizon, never out of sight, never landing until the watcher turns his eyes away in resignation, his dreams mocked to death by Time (Hurston 1).† Hurston describes here how some dreams are achieved with time while others lurk out of reach until the dreamer gives up. Janie Crawford, protagonist of Their Eyes Were Watching God, encounters numerous ambitions throughout her life, mainly concerning a desire to somehow achieve something in life, and to not just go through the motions. While Janie’s dreams and my own do not exactly correspond, we both aspire to discover a greater passion in life and find a voice that will enable us to make a difference. When Janie is growing up, she is eager to become a woman and is ready to dive into the strain, maturity, and exhilaration of adulthood. In the beginning of Janie’s life story, Hurston introduces the metaphor of the pear tree, a symbol of Janie’s blossoming, and describes how â€Å"she had glossy leaves and bursting buds and she wanted to struggle with life but it seemed to elude her,† which successfully captures her excitement and perplexity of entering the adult world (11). Janie’s anxiety of growing up is also articulated with the image of her â€Å"looking, waiting, breathing short with impatience. Waiting for the world to be made† (Hurston 11). In her teenage years, it seems as if her life revolves around the anticipation of womanhood. Even as Janie grows older, she continues to hold on to her aspiration of living an adventurous, invigorating, and passionate life. In criti... ...le. Their Eyes Were Watching God. New York, NY: HarperCollins, 2006. Print. 4 Jordan, Jennifer. "Feminist Fantasies: Zora Neale Hurston's Their Eyes Were Watching God." Tulsa Studies in Women's Literature 7.1 (1988): 105-117. JSTOR. Web. 25 Mar. 2012. 464063>. 7 Kubitschek, Missy Dehn. â€Å"’Tuh De Horizon and Back’: The Female Quest in Their Eyes Were Watching God.† Black American Literature Forum 17.3 (1983): 109-115. JSTOR. Web. 28 Mar. 2012. . 8 Rosin, Hanna. â€Å"New Data on the Rise of Women.† Dec. 2010. TED Talks. Web. 28 Mar. 2012. . 2 â€Å"Their Eyes Were Watching God Reader’s Guide - Introduction.† The Big Read. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 Mar. 2012. .

Labor and Unions in America :: American America History

Labor and Unions in America The Industrial Revolution was dawning in the United States. At Lowell, Massachusetts, the construction of a big cotton mill began in 1821. It was the first of several that would be built there in the next 10 years. The machinery to spin and weave cotton into cloth would be driven by water power. All that the factory owners needed was a dependable supply of labor to tend the machines. As most jobs in cotton factories required neither great strength nor special skills, the owners thought women could do the work as well as or better than men. In addition, they were more compliant. The New England region was home to many young, single farm girls who might be recruited. But would stern New England farmers allow their daughters to work in factories? The great majority of them would not. They believed that sooner or later factory workers would be exploited and would sink into hopeless poverty. Economic "laws" would force them to work harder and harder for less and less pay. THE LOWELL EXPERIMENT How, then, were the factory owners able to recruit farm girls as laborers? They did it by building decent houses in which the girls could live. These houses were supervised by older women who made sure that the girls lived by strict moral standards. The girls were encouraged to go to church, to read, to write and to attend lectures. They saved part of their earnings to help their families at home or to use when they got married. The young factory workers did not earn high wages; the average pay was about $3.50 a week. But in those times, a half-dozen eggs cost five cents and a whole chicken cost 15 cents. The hours worked in the factories were long. Generally, the girls worked 11 to 13 hours a day, six days a week. But most people in the 1830s worked from dawn until dusk, and farm girls were used to getting up early and working until bedtime at nine o'clock. The factory owners at Lowell believed that machines would bring progress as well as profit. Workers and capitalists would both benefit from the wealth created by mass production. For a while, the factory system at Lowell worked very well. The population of the town grew from 200 in 1820 to 30,000 in 1845. But conditions in Lowell's factories had already started to change.

The History of the National Transport Safety Board

The National Transport Safety Board in the United States of America was established on the 1st of April 1967, basically relying on the Department of Transportation, for its funding and the administration maintenance. In 1974, the Safety Board Act (in P.L.93-633) was passed by the Congress, which thereafter, separated the board from the department of transportation which allowed the safety agency to carryout the unbiased investigations and also to make recommendations about the safety regulation sine then the NTSB has received a momentous respect from the Congress for its hard work in discovering the needed transportation safety enhancement and maintaining the civic confidence in transportation safety. On 1st October 2002 the funding authorization for the National Transport Safety Board expired but in the second session of the 107th Congress, bills that is the CRS-43H.R. 1527/S. 579 grants for authorization of the funds that are necessary for the expenses of the board. Senator John McCain introduced the reauthorization of the safety board which was therefore prepared and reported positively without adjustments by the Senate Committee on Commerce, Science and Transportation. We see that on 13th March 2003. Representative Don Young established a bill for reauthorization of the board that was to be done on 1st April 2003. Also the House Committee covering Transport and Infrastructure reported a bill on May 1, 2003 the two bills, were to authorize the boards’ appropriations from the year 2003 to the year 2006 in which the same funding was to be provided. [1] Since its launch, the board has been given the responsibility of carrying out investigations on aviation and surface transportation accidents. Due to its high number of investigation recorded, the board is ranked as the worlds leading accident investigation agency. These transportation modes include the highway, marine, pipeline and railroad, therefore, it core objective is presenting safety recommendations that are meant to prevent future transportation accidents, and therefore it comes up with capable causes of the accidents. These investigations are carried out by the boards regional and field officers though they are not the basic sources of information to the board. The board has headquarter offices for all modes of transportation in which various information is requested from. The headquarter offices are situated at 490 L'Enfant Plaza, SW Washington, DC 20594 and they can be contacted by telephone (202) 314-6000 while its conference center is located at 429 L'Enfant Plaza, SW Washington, DC   20594 the location of the offices vary, depending on the mode of transport that the board deals with . The board is also dependable for maintaining the governments records on transportation issues, these records are normally accrued from special studies on transportation protection that are conducted by the board,   these studies basiaclly come up with factual and safety recommendations that are of a nationalized importance. Under this, the board provides investigators who always serve as qualified legislative body which is specified in the international agreements for aviation accidents overseas that usually involve the United States registered aircrafts. The National Transport Safety Board does not carry out regulations over the transportation apparatus, operation and the transportation personnel. The boards’ success in the formation of the transportation safety comes as a result of, its character for fairness and care. The National Transport Safety Board has five Board Members, who are normally chosen by the President and confirmed by the Senate to serve for a period of five years. Therefore a member is nominated by the President as Chairman and another as Vice Chairman for a period of two years These Chairmanship requires a separate Senate verification. In a situation where the chairman is not designated, then the vice chairman acts in place of the chairman. [2] Since the board has no power to regulate the transportation laws in the country it only causes change in the safety implementation of the transportation systems in the USA, therefore, it submits safety proposals to managers, workers, and the users of transportation systems. The safety measures include: improvement of child protection in automobile industry, reduction of fatigue of people from transportation operations, creation of event recorders that includes; video systems, commercial highway vehicle recorders, and an improved flight data recorder. Averting runway incursions at airports; justifying the risks of structural icing on aircraft; and the elimination of the explosive fuel in fuel tanks from the aircrafts to prevent explosions. while on the rail roads, the board comes up with a suggestion of avoiding collision systems, it also improves the safety standards of trucks and buses on the roads, this may require the use of seat belts, it also implements the promotion of highway safety through licensing and also ensuring that the driving laws are adhered to by the members of the country, and in marine transportation, the board enhances the recreational boating safety; and the post-accident drug and alcohol testing. Reports say that, these safety recommendations across all modes of transportation for over 35 years, through which about 82% of the recommendations has led to the implementation of acceptable safety improvements in the United States. The board normally works in collaboration with the department of transport agencies during the drafting of these measures so as to ensure that they are issued earlier and also in a satisfactory manner. The national transport board is given the authority to sign contracts for facilities, technical services, and training in accident investigative theories and practices. Like in a case where the board was given a one year contract for a training site to the George Washington University, and in the year two 2003 it established the National Transport Safety Board(NTSB) Academy on London County Campus of the George Washington University in Ashburn, Virginia. It is also allowed to engage in agreements and other dealings that are important in accomplishing its mission without undergoing the normal procedures of contracts, though the board has been criticized over its financial management it has been struggling to create a balance between the issuing of responsibilities to its investigators to complete their duties on time and efficiently and also providing a better financial management system that is effective in curtailing the fraudulent risks and wastages of resources. [3] Despite the alleged financial mismanagement, the board had to establish a strategic plan that is meant to last for 4 years, the plan was established in the year 2006 and is expected to accomplished its objective in the year 2010, this plan is meant to guide the Agency’s work, by enabling the planning, budgeting and accounting for the work performed by the board. This strategy is to cover various issues, including the accident investigation, support and the boards’ employee’s development and resource management. The current technological complex in the transportation system has made it hard for the agency to meet the challenge of accidents, thus making the agency to enter into a resource declination period whereby, planning is seen to be the most important factor in the utilization of the declining resources. For this reasons, the aircrafts, vehicles, trains, pipelines and marine vessels have safety features integrated in them. Therefore the assignment of the National Transport Safety Board is to, recognize and converse the lessons learned from investigation of transportation accidents. this investigation is normally watchful, experienced and self-regulating in order to prevent the loss of possessions, individual injuries, loss of life and also the environmental harm. Apart from safety measures, the board also carries out the coordination of tragedy backing for, victims and families affected by the transportation accidents; it also arbitrates for the airman and mariner petition, this services are used to maintain the reputation that the transportation system of America   as the safest in the world. [4] Therefore the national board of safety have set plans to have a careful use of the resources by maintaining a motivated, experienced, well trained, equipped and supported workforce which will enable it accomplish its mission this motivation is to be done through   intellectual selection of attempt and masterful implementation of objective; this goes hand in hand with the contribution of the private and public sector partners, who are always cooperative and supportive, the communication of these   recommendations for change in the directive and functions of the services of transportation is also considered. The goals set by the transportation safety board in conjunction with its mission include: Accident investigation under this the board has been maintaining its reaction competence of the accidents and has also increased the examination of occurrence and other negative issues that predicted to be of consequences in the improvement of public transportation protection. The boards’ approaches to accident investigation involve the enhancing of the organizational capacities and investment of the resources to enable the board to recognize and analyze the incidents which will further identify the origin of the transportation accidents. The second goal of the board is the support and Outreach this, objective is to enhance the presence of the national transport safety board in the transportation system whereby, leadership and technical support is used as a factor in giving support to the safety issues in transportation, thus promoting the safety recommendations of the board, this is normally done by, advancing the technical understanding and awareness of the safety issues which reflects the leadership role in the workforce performance. The board also expands and performs procedures that always support the safety recommendations. The board also carries out the reviewing and analyzing the results of the recommendations, whereby the board chooses what measure is proved to be better. While playing its role of leadership the board usually solicit the support of external agencies which may be industries or the government, that assist in the bringing of the transportation issue to the awareness of the transportation society. [5] The board also ensures that, its workforce maintains its knowledge by giving them a chance to play the leadership role with the board and other agencies locally and internationally. The board seeks to improve the productivity of the employees and their satisfaction through a vigilant recruitment, performance compensation, having an interest on their personal needs. It also maintains a working environment that facilitates the performance and the fulfillment of the boards’ workforce. To deal with financial frauds, the board has come up with a resource management system, whereby it evaluates expenditures and fiscal commitments, so as to have an efficient asset management, to enable it have its mission accomplished, this course of management involves the budget implementation as a factor of performance for all stages of management. The reviewing of all actions and costs is carried out whereby; the board members expect the board to finish its mission at a considerable time and with the use of limited resources therefore the national safety board is expected to carry out more investigations on accidents in shorter time and with fewer resources. The cost accounting tools and methods is normally provided by the agency to the program officers so that they can manage resources more effectively. The boards’ performance is usually evaluated by the office of the management and supplemented by the boards’ annual financial audit. The national board of transportation safety provides a room for safety studies that is termed as an assessment of the effectiveness of rules, curriculum, program management and operational regulations and other government agency actions that are implemented to reduce the transportation losses; these studies result in the issuance of a narrative report on the information, conclusions and any valid recommendations on the safety of the travelers. They are normally scheduled irregularly about six weeks after a board meeting is carried out covering the same subject. The schedules for such meetings are usually presented under news and events on the boards’ website, and announced via a press release. [6] Since the board is basically an investigative agency, it carries out a special investigation that is divided into two segments, whereby the first one is defined as an effort of gathering any information concerning the programmed focus selected in support of safety studies under this a report is usually issued, but a file is usually preserved, this file normally contains details, circumstances, and conclusions but will not include the possible cause of the accident. While the second one is an examination of the mechanical issues and safety problems recognized in one or more accident investigations, under this a detailed narrative report is usually developed and approved by the Board, it contains the details, circumstances , conclusions and safety recommendations if necessary. All these records are always available from the boards’ records management division. References: Coyle, J.J.; Bardi, E.J. and Novack, R.A. (2004): Transportation. 5th Edn: Southwestern College Publishing, Cincinnati OFCM (1999): Public-Private Partnership Symposium: Panel on Successful Transportation Partnership; Presentation at the Volpe Center, Boston M A. TRB (2001): Critical Issues in Transportation 2002. Reprinted from TRB News 217; November-December 2001: Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C TRB (2000): Highway Capacity Manual 2000. D.C.: Transportation Research Board. Washington [1] Coyle, J.J.; Bardi, E.J. and Novack, R.A. (2004): Transportation. 5th Edn: Southwestern College Publishing, Cincinnati [2] TRB (2000): Highway Capacity Manual 2000. D.C.: Transportation Research Board. Washington [3] Coyle, J.J.; Bardi, E.J. and Novack, R.A. (2004): Transportation. 5th Edn: Southwestern College Publishing, Cincinnati [4] [5] TRB (2001): Critical Issues in Transportation 2002. Reprinted from TRB News 217; November-December 2001: Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C [6] TRB (2000): Highway Capacity Manual 2000. D.C.: Transportation Research Board. Washington   

Retail Management Exam Notes

introduction of apportioning selling the set of caper activities that adds value to the increases and work sold to consumers for their personalized wasting disease or family use * retailer a business that sells products and/or function to consumers for their personal or family use * bring out orbit set of firms that make and communicate goods and runs to consumers * Wholesalers engage in buying, victorious title to, often storing, and physically discussion goods in large quantities and past(a) reselling the goods to retailers and some separate businesses * Vertical Integration that a song performs more than one set of activities in the sway, as occurs when a retailer engages in wholesaling activities by operating its give birth distribution centers to supply its investment firms *Backward Integration when a retailer performs some wholesaling and manufacturing activities, such as operating w atomic number 18houses or designing private-label deal Why are reta ilers requested? 1. result an miscellanea of products and work 2. Breaking muckle 3. Holding inventory 4. Providing services incorporate Social Responsibility (CSR) an organization voluntarily taking responsibility for the impact of its activities on its employees, clients, community and the environment * Intratype arguing aspiration between same type of retailers * Intertype Competition competition between retailers that sell akin trade in using different types of stores, such as discount and department stores *scramble Merchandising When retailers volunteer deal not typically associated with their type of store * Retail Strategy how the retailer plans to focus its resources to finish its objectives 1. Target market, or markets, toward which the retailer get out direct its efforts 2. The nature of the mathematical product and services the retailer leave offer to contact the needs of the target market 3. How will the retailer will build a long-term advantage over it s antagonists * morals principles governing individuals and companies that establish appropriate sort and indicate what is right or faulty Ch. 2 Types of Retailers Variety number of switch bur differ in the manikin and assortment of productd offered- Breadth of Merchandise * pastiche number of different breaker points offered in a merchandise category- Depth of Merchandise* Stock-Keeping Unit(SKU) each different item of merchandise * schematic Supermarket large self-service retail sustenance store go groceries, meat, and produce, as come up as nonfood items, such as wellness and beauty aids and general merchandise- shop nearly 30000 SKUs * Limited compartmentalization Supermarkets or Extreme-Value Food Retailers stock about 200 SKUs * Power leeway fresh-merchandise along the outer walls of a supermarket, that accommodate dairy, meat, floral, produce, deli and coffee bar * young Supermarkets tinyer and more convenient than a traditional supermarket and have less s pace devoted to packaged goods * Fair plenty practice of purchasing from factories that pay workers a living wage, and offer early(a) benefits like onsite medical treatment * Locavore Movement focuses on reducing carbon footprint caused by transportation of food by dint ofout the being * Supercenters large 185000 sq ft that combine a supermarket with a full-line discount store Ex.Wal-Mart * Hypermarkets hundred thousand to 300000 sq ft combine food (60 to 70%) and general merchandise (30 to 40%) * storage warehouse Clubs retailers that offer particular and irregular assortment of food and general merchandise with critical service at unkept damages for last consumers and small businesses * Convenience Stores bid a control class and assortment of merchandise at a convenient post in 3000 to 5000 sq ft stores with speedy stay * Department Stores retailers that carry a wide-eyed variety and deep assortment, offer customer services, and organize their stores into distinct departments for displaying merchandise * Full-Line neglect Stores retailers that offer a broad variety of merchandise, limited service and low prices Ex.Wal-Mart, Target, Kmart * differentiation Stores concentrate on a limited number of complimentary merchandise categories and house a high level of service Ex. Victoria Secret * Drugstores concentrate on health and personal grooming merchandise * Category Specialists big-box stores that offer a garden cart but deep assortment of merchandise Ex. Bass Pro Shops * Category Killers offering complete assortment, using their category ascendency and buying power * Extreme- Value Retailers small discount stores that offer a limited merchandise assortment at low prices Ex. Dollar Tree * Off-Price Retailers or Closeout Retailers offer an inconsistent assortment of brand physical body merchandise at a probatory discount off the manufacturers suggested retail price(MSRP) Ex. T. J.Maxx * Closeouts end-of-season merchandise that will not come sustain the following season * Irregulars merchandise that has nipper mistakes in construction * Outlet Stores off-price retailers owned by manufacturers or retailers * Factory Outlets own by manufacturers Ex. Coach * Retail Chain company that operates multiple retail units chthonian common ownership and usually has centralized decision making for defining and implementing its dodge * Franchising contractual agreement between a franchisor and a franchisee that allow the franchisee to operate a retail outlet using a name and format developed and support by the franchisor Ch. 3 Multi communication argument retail Multichannel Retailers retailers that sell merchandise or services through more than one channel * Retail Channel the way a retailer sells and delivers merchandise and services to its customers* meshing Retailing, Online Retailing, electronic Retailing or E-Tailing a retail channel in which the offering of products and services for sale is communicated to custome rs over the internet * catalogue Channel a nonstore retail channel in which the retail offering is communicated to customers through a catalog mailed to customers * sway Selling a retail channel in which salespeople interact with customers face-to-face in a convenient location, either at the customers home or at work * Multilevel governance independent businesspeople serve as master distributors, recruiting other people to locomote distributors in their network * Pyramid system of rules develops when the firm and its program are intentional to sell merchandise and services to other distributors rather than to end users * Television piazza Shopping a retail channel in which customers watch a television system program demonstrates merchandise and hence throw in orders for that merchandise, usually by telephone, via the internet, or via the TV remote* Infomercials 30 to 60 proceedings that mix entertainment with product demonstrations and then solicits orders placed by telep hone * Direct-Response publicize 1 to 2 minute advertisements on TV and radio that describe products and provide an opportunity for consumers to order them * Automated Retailing a retail channel in which merchandise or services are stores in a machine and distribute to customers when they deposit cash or use a credit card * pitch Machines automated retailing machines, placed at convenient, high-traffic locations * Benefits of Store Channel 1. Touching and tactile sensation Products 2. Personal Service 3. Risk decrease 4. Immediate Gratification 5. Entertainment and fond interaction 6. Browsing 7. Cash defrayal * Benefits of Cataloging 1. Safety 2. Convenience 3.Ease of use * Benefits of Internet Shopping 1. Safety 2. Convenience 3. vast and deep assortments 4. Extensive and timely education 5. Personalization * Risks in Electronic Shopping 1. tribute of credit card transactions on the internet 2. Privacy violations * Disintermediation when a manufacturer sells directly to c onsumers and bypassing retailers * Channel Migration consumers collecting education about products on their channel and then buying the product from a competitor Ch. 4 Customer Buying fashion * Buying Process steps consumers go through when buying a product or services, begins when customers recognize an unsatisfied need *Utilitarian Needs shopping to go through a specific task * hedonistic Needs shopping for pleasure entertainment, aroused and recreational experiences * Cross-Shopping buying both bounteousness and low-priced merchandise or patronise both expensive, status-oriented retailers and price-oriented retailers * Internal Sources information in customers memory names, images, past experiences * External Sources info provided by ads and other people * Every day-low-pricing policy attend customers that that wont find an item at a lower price at a different store the next time they shop for it * Multiattribute office Model based on the intuitive feeling that customer s see a retailer, a product, or a channel as a collection of attributes or characteristics

Body soul destinction Essay

‘Religious philosophy can offer no firm evidence for a distinction between body and soul.’ Discuss.Humans appear to have both a body and a mind, the body which is related to physical movements and appearances. And the mind which relates to feelings and emotions, qualia.This it is distracted by earthly wants and desires.Plato old saw the body and soul as two separate entities. The soul that most closely resembles the eminent divine and immortal. While the body resembles the human and mortal, which is endlessly changing and can be broken down. Plato was not trying to suggest the soul was perfect as it joined the body which it is inhibited by, however, he explains that by taking care of the soul the person can develop knowledge.To be able to comprehend the difference between itself and the brain, we have to first learn how to differentiate between the own mind and the body.

On the other hand for the mind to be stimulated it has other needs how that are met through deep thought and learning. However, there is a flaw to Plato’s theory, how can you have two completely different substances that are the same thing? Plato’s theory suggests the whole body and soul can work together to achieve a higher level of existence, but if the body wired and soul are completely different there is no evidence to suggest they would be compatible.Another dualist, Aquinas took a more more religious view of dualism. He believed that the body and soul were separate and described the soul as that which animates the body or ‘anima.Humans have the soul that is the rational soul.Evidence for religious views on the soul come extract from the bible.Within the new testament, there are stories of Jesus’ resurrection that suggest dualism. Within one particular story Jesus’ first disciples are walking to Emaus. Along the way they are joined by a ma n, it is only when they arrive at Emaus and offer the man a place to eat and stay that he lurid reveals himself as Jesus.His theory is difficult to comprehend.

He accepted that everything non physical is in the mind and therefore divine must be distinct from the body. The mind according to Descartes is non – spatial and is distinct from material and bodily substances.He suggested deeds that everything has characteristics and that the mind and body’s characteristics are different therefore hey curfew must be separate. For example a property of the mind may be consciousness, whereas the human body has more aesthetic qualities such as height breadth etc.Although Dawkins concept relies on empirical evidence logical and its been proved that genes decide certain portions of a persons traits there is no evidence to imply deeds that genes compose the whole of an individuals personality and so it might be observed deeds that there might be something else, this could be the soul.† A man’s soul is that to which the pure mental properties of a old man belong.† Richard Swinburne developed a dualist view based on th e soul being indestructible and indivisible. Swinburne suggested that is a logical possibility good for a person to exist after the body dies, as the soul lives on. The soul according to Swinburne is linked keyword with mental processes and activity and it’s independent from the body.Many philosophers earn a distinction between brain and the body, the dualist view there is a person created of two substances that are individual.

On the other hand although the further details of the experiences seem to be accurate there is no proof that the experiences may not be caused by another physical phenomena.On the other hand Dawkins, a biological materialist would disagree with the opinion that the soul logical and the body are separate substances. Dawkins bases his theory on evolution and genetics. He would reject any concept of an eternal soul and therefore rejects dualism.Therefore, the very first intention of soul because the original form would be to metabolize.Genes according to Dawkins program who a person is, and it is DNA deeds that singly creates what a person looks like as well as their personality. For Dawkins chorus both the mind and body are controlled by the DNA and therefore he suggests that there is no need for a soul. Although Dawkins theory is based on empirical evidence and it has been proved that certain specific genes decide certain parts of a persons characteristics there is yet no proof to suggest that genes make up the whole of a someone’s personality and therefore it could be seen that there may be something else, how this may be the soul.John Hick has formed a view of religious materialism.Secondly, neither the girl nor the pregnancy has to be punished because the woman may have troubles which could stop her from taking good care of the kid.

This replica is the same person however, whilst they cannot exist at the same time. According to Hick at the same time that when a person dies a replica of them is created by God. how This is a way of preserving personal identity after death. The evidence for religious materialism is based on the resurrection of Jesus.According to Hick at the time if he dies a copy of them that is made by God.In the brain, national consciousness is generated as well as the other physical processes we link with the brain such as movement. further Evidence for this is put foreward in â€Å"the philosophy files†. Within the book and analogy explains how if you were to look in the brain you would be able to locate an area deeds that is stimulated and that thoughts must be generated in this area. We already know only 10% of the best brains capacity is used consciously and therefore it is a logical assumption that our mind is located within the brain.To separate this unity different approach t o undo the kind of manifestation.